Passage Twenty (NCB in Interpol)
The organization known to the world as Interpol has sometimes been described as an outfit of chisel-jawed gimlet-eyed crime fighters who put their lives in jeopardy every working hour. Less flatteringly, Interpol has also been described as a huge filing cabinet, stuffed with clerks choking on their own statistics.
As with most generalities, there is some truth in both statements. There are, certainly, some grim battlers of crime to be found working with Interpol. There are, just as surely, those drones shuffling mountains of paper whose cheeks are sallow from indoor life. Consider the charisma of the name alone: INTERPOL, the international police force. Continents leaped in a single bound, oceans crossed in the space of a breath, villains watched by eyes that never sleep. Surprisingly, a lot of it happens almost that way.
Four groups coordinate and direct the activities of Interpol. One of them is the National Central Bureaus, or NCBs, bodies designated by the member nations to serve as their link with Interpol. These are the front-line troops, the action people. IN the United States, the Treasury Department is the National Central Bureau. In the United Kingdom, it is Scotland Yard; the Questura in Italy and the Melbourne City Police in Australia. Because police organization varies from country, the NCBs were established to act as the one special group to handle Interpol chores and unsure maximum cooperation between nations. Each NCB is usually an official government body with police powers if a country has only one central police authority, that body becomes the National Centre Bureau. Of course, any service appointed as an NCB is bound to its nation’s law and authority and retains its national title.
Each NCB is connected by radio to the regional station for its geographic zone. The regional stations are connected to the Central Station in France. The radio network is versatile. Network stations can monitor the Central station or any regional station. Because of this messages can be broadcast to more than one station at a time. A coding system determines the urgency of each message so that those with high priority can be given precedence. Besides, other communication tools, such as radio-teleprinters and phototelegraphy equipment. Permit rapid transfers of fingerprints and photographs. Sometimes ever more advanced technology is employed. When the police all over the world were looking for a Canadian named George Leray, they turned to the Early Bird Satellite. Leray had led his gang on a daring holdup of a Montreal bank and gotten away with $4 million. Scotland Yard broadcast Leray’s photo to the world by satellite. An American who saw the picture in Florida recognized Leray as a man who was living on a yacht in Fort Lauderdale under an assumed name. The police were alerted and arrested Leray.

1.     What is the best title for this passage?
[A]. The Function of the Interpol.       . The Quality of the Interpol.
[C]. The Organization of the Interpol.     [D]. The Rapid Development of the Interpol.
2.     The organization of this passage is
[A]. general to specific.             . cause and effect.
[C]. comparison and contrast.         [D]. development.
3.     The sentence “stuffed with clerks choking on their own statistics” in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to
[A]. a lot of employees busying in their work.
. many office workers busying with various documents.
[C]. crowded with office workers busying with their own collected data.
[D]. workers busying in their own information.
4.     Which is the easiest tool to communicate?
[A]. Satellite.                 . Radio.
. Teleprinter.               [D]. Phototelegraphy.

Vocabulary
1.     Interpol                   国际刑警组织
2.     outfit                   全班人马，有组织团体
3.     chisel-jawed               仪表英俊的
4.     gimlet-eyed                 目光锐利的
5.     jeopardy                 危险
6.     flatteringly                 奉承
7.     choke                   闷死
      choking on their own statistics 被自己的统计数字弄的喘不过气来
8.     as with most generalities         和大多数笼统说法一样
9.     grim                   冷酷的
10.     drone                   懒汉，懒洋洋的人
11.     shuffle                   反复挪动，乱翻，洗（纸牌）
12.     charisma                 超凡的魅力
13.     National Central Bureaus         国家中心局
14.     Treasury Department           财政部（美）
15.     Questura                 警察局（意）
16.     Melbourne                 墨尔本警察局
17.     chore                   日常零星工作
18.     to be bound to               受……的约束，义务，一定……
19.     geographic zone             地区，地带
20.     versatile                 有多方面用途的
21.     radio-teleprinter             无线电打印机
22.     phototelegraph               传真
23.     daring                   大胆的
24.     holdup                   抢劫
25.     alert                     使警惕，使处于待命状态

难句译注
1.     The organization known to the world as Interpol has sometimes been described as an outfit of chisel-jawed gimlet-eyed crime fighters who put their lives in jeopardy every working hour. Less flatteringly, Interpol has also been described as a huge filing cabinet, stuffed with clerks choking on their own statistics.
[结构简析] 两个句子都是被动语气，都有分词短语。前一句known 修饰organization，后一句stuffed 修饰 cabinet.
[参考译文] 闻名于世的国际刑警组织长被描述成一群仪表英俊，目光犀利和罪犯斗争的战士的群体组织。他们的生命无时无刻不处于危险之中。国际刑警组织也被描述为一个大型的档案室，里面挤满了工作人员，他们被自己的统计数字忙得喘不过气来。
2.     There are, certainly, some grim battlers of crime to be found working with Interpol. There are, just as surely, those drones shuffling mountains of paper whose cheeks are sallow from indoor life.
[结构简析] 这是两个句子，都是引导词there句型。
[参考译文] 这里肯定能见到和罪犯斗争的冷酷无情的斗士在国际刑警组织工作，同样可以肯定，这里有那些懒洋洋的人在翻动如山的文件档案，他们的脸颊由于室内生活而消瘦如刀。
3.     Continents leaped in a single bound, oceans crossed in the space of a breath, villains watched by eyes that never sleep.
[结构简析] 这是省略句。正常句型应该是Continents are leaped in…，Oceans are crossed in…, villains are watched by …。
[参考译文] 大洲可一步跨过。大洋可以在转眼之间越过，坏蛋可以由日夜不眠的眼睛紧盯着。
4.     These are the front-line troops, the action people.
[参考译文] 这些人是前线军，具体行动的人（执行人）。

写作方法与文章大意
这是一篇介绍国际刑警组织的文章。采用一般到具体的写作方法。头二段是对国际刑警组织的一般介绍，后面是具体到NCB，组成国际刑警组织四个部门之一——国家中心局是各国负责和国际刑警保持联系部门，如英国的苏格兰场，美国的财政部等，最后一段讲联系的多种渠道和方式方法。

答案祥解
1.     C. 国际刑警组织。上面文章大意已经说明介绍国际刑警组织，其职能性质只是附带涉及。所以
A. B. 不对。   D. 迅速发展，文章没有涉及。
2.     A. 文章是一般到具体的组织结构。
B. 因果   和   C. 对比。 不对。   D. 展开，任何文章都得展开。
3.     C. stuff=crowd 办公室挤满了工作人员，忙于分析处理收集来的信息和数据。见难句译注1参考译文。
A. 有许多雇员忙于工作； B. 许多办公室人员忙于各种文件；   D. 忙于自己信息的工人。   这三项都没有。
4. B. 无线电通讯。纵然第四段内提及种种手段：卫星，无线电，打印机，传真电报。但无线电通讯仍是他们运用的最方便和最得力的工具，因为他们的无线电网络灵活多用，网络站能监控中央和各地区站点，而且一次能把信息传至好几台。至于卫星，电报，传真电报只是在特殊情况下运行，如快速传送照片，指纹等。所以A. 卫星， C. 无线电打印机， D. 传真电报，不对。

Passage Twenty-one (The Result of the Falling US Dollar)
  Like a ticking time bomb, the falling dollar has grabbed the attention of Japan and West Germany, forcing them to consider adopting economic polices the United States advocates. The U.S. government wants the dollar to fall because as the dollar declines in value against the yen and Deutsche mark, U.S. good becomes cheaper. U.S. companies then sell more at home and abroad, and U.S. trade deficit declines. Cries for trade protection abate, and the global free-trade system is preserved.
  Then, the cheaper dollar makes it cheaper for many foreign investors to snap up U.S. stocks. That prompts heavy buying from abroad—especially from Japan. Also, if the trade picture is improving, that means U.S. companies eventually will be more competitive. Consequently, many investors are buying shares of export-oriented U.S. companies in anticipation of better profits in the next year or so. But that is a rather faddish notion right now; if corporate earnings are disappointing in interest rates, the stock market rally could stall.
  Improving U.S. competitiveness means a decline in another’s competitiveness.
  Japan and West Germany are verging on recession. Their export-oriented economies are facing major problems. Japan is worried about the damage the strong yen will do to Japanese trade. West Germany is also worried. Share prices in Frankfurt plummeted this past week. Bonn is thought to be considering a cut in interest rates to boost its economy.
  Could the falling dollar get out of hand? If the dollar falls too far, investors might lose confidence in U.S. investments—especially the government bond market. The money to finance   the federal budget and trade deficits could migrate elsewhere. Inflation could flare up, too, since Japanese and German manufacturers will eventually pass along price hikes—and U.S. companies might follow suit to increase their profit margins. The U.S. federal Reserve then might need to step in and stabilize the dollar by raising interest rates. And higher interest rates could cause the U.S. economy to slow down and end the Wall Street Rally.
Worried about these side effects, Federal Reserve chairman Paul Volcher has said the dollar has fallen far enough. What is the equilibrium level? Probably near where it is or slightly lower. It all depends on when the U.S. trade deficit turns around or if investors defect from U.S. Treasury Bonds. “It requires a good deal of political patience on the part of the U.S. Congress,” says Dr. Cline, “And there must be an expectation of patience on the part of private investors. The chance are relatively good that we will avoid an investor break or panic.”

1.     What is the main idea of this passage?
[A]. The impression of the falling U.S. dollar.
. The result of the U.S. falling dollar.
[C]. The side effect of U.S. falling dollar.
[D]. Japan and West Germany are worried about U.S. falling dollar.
2.     What does the word “rally” mean.
[A]. prosperity.     . decline.     [C]. richness.     [D]. import.
3.     Why are Japan and West Germany worried about the falling dollar?
[A]. Because the falling dollar may cause inflation in their countries.
. Because it may force them to sell a lot of U.S, stocks.
[C]. Because it may do damage to their trade.
[D]. Because it may make Japanese company less competitive.
4.     If dollar-falling got out of hand, and the U.S. Federal Reserve might step in , what would happen?
[A]. The prosperity of the U.S. economy would disappear.
. The U.S. economy might face serious problems.
[C]. Investors might lose confidence in U.S. investments.
[D].Inflation could flare up.

Vocabulary
1.     ticking                     滴答作响的
2.     grab                       抓住
3.     abate                       减弱
4.     snap up                     争购，抢购
5.     heavy buying                 大量买进
6.     export-oriented                 以出口为方向的
7.     in anticipation of               期待，预期
8.     faddish                     一时流行的
9.     spree                     无节制的疯狂行为
10.     buying spree                   狂购乱买
11.     plummet                     垂直落下，骤然跌落，暴跌
12.     stall                       停滞
13.     verge                       处于……边缘
14.     verging on recession               正处于衰退的边缘
15.     boost                       振兴，吹捧
16.     bond market                   债券市场
17.     flare up                     突然闪耀，发火，爆发
18.     hike                       提高，增加
19.     follow suit                   照着做，跟出同花色的牌
20.     profit margin                   利润幅度
21.     step in                       介入
22.     rally                       繁荣
23.     equilibrium                   平衡，均势
24.     defect                     逃跑，开小差
25.     break or panic                 崩溃或大恐慌

难句译注
1. cries for trade protection       贸易保护的呼声
2. the global free-trade system       全球自由贸易体系
3. that is a rather faddish notion right now     只是一时流行的概念
4. get out of hand               失控
5. What is the equilibrium level? Probably near where it is or slightly lower.     什么是平衡水平？可能是接近现在水平或者稍低一些。
6. trade deficit     贸易赤字，贸易逆差。

写作方法与文章大意
这是一篇论述“美元下跌的后果”的文章，采用对比，顺序，因果等写作。先提出问题：美元下跌，美国得利有二：一是（第一段）商品便宜，销售量大，赤字下降，全球自由贸易体系保住。二是（第二段）外国投资者会抢购美国股票。总之，美国竞争力加强。
这两段中都有对比。第一段美国和日本的对比，开头“就像滴答作响的定时炸弹，日见下跌的美元抓住了日本和西德的注意力，迫使他们考虑采取美国提出的经济政策。“第二段是美国本身之利弊对比。“……许多外国投资者抢购出口导向的美国股票，期望在下一年左右的时间里得到较多的利润。如果公司收益在今后几个季度里令人失望的话，这种买进古片的狂热行为就可能消失。最后，如果美元价格直线下跌导致利率上升，股票市场价格回升就会停顿。“ 后面两段是这两段负效应的进一步论证。

答案祥解
1.     B. 美元下跌的结果。全篇文章都讲的美元下跌的后果。
A. 美元下跌的印象。   C. 美元下跌的副作用，均不对。   因为还讲述了有利的一面。     D. 日本的、西德担忧美元下跌，这只是其中的部分内容。
2.     A. 繁荣。第五段“美元下跌是否会失控：如果美元下跌过多，投资者可能会失去对美国投资的信心，特别是对美国的债务市场。对联邦政府预算和贸易赤字提供的资金可能移向其它市场，因为日本和西德厂商最终会将上涨的价格转嫁出去，美国公司也可能这么做，以提高其市场利润幅度，从而使通货膨胀再次爆发。美国联邦储备委员会这时可能需要介入，提高利率来稳定美元。而较高利率会导致美国经济减慢，华尔街的繁荣行将结束。”
B. 衰退。     C. 富有。       D. 出口，都不是rally之含义。
3.     C. 因为下跌对他们贸易有损害。第三段“改善美国竞争力意味着其他国家的竞争力下降。”第四段，“日本和西德正濒于经济衰退的边缘。其出口导向的经济正在面临严重问题。日本担心由于日元坚挺而给其贸易带来损害，西德也在发愁。上个星期，法兰克福股市价格暴跌。据说，波恩已在考虑降低利率以振兴其经济。
A. 美元下跌会使他们国家通货膨胀。没有正式提到, 内涵只是贸易带来的其他具体问题。     B. 它可能迫使他们卖掉许多美国股票。   D. 这可能使日本竞争力下降。问题是提出两国，不单单是日本。
4.     A. 美国经济繁荣消失，见第2题答案A的注释。
B. 美国经济可能面临严重问题。太笼统。     C. 投资者可能对在美国投资失去信心。这不是美国联邦储备委员会介入后发生之事。   D. 通货膨胀全面爆发。这也是介入之后果。

Passage Twenty-two (Pantomime)
Pantomimes like pageants, need to be very well planned, and it is essential that initial organization should begin many weeks in advance of the production date. Pantomimes are nearly always divided into separate scenes, very often taking place in different countries or even in different centuries. It is therefore necessary that there should be an overall unity of design culminating in the grand finale. This latter is really just an excuse for visual effects, and for once the performers become merely cloths hangers on which to put elaborate garments.
The scene should be discussed at some length with the producer so that the background, which is decided upon, does not present impossibilities for the provision of costumes within the budget or insuperable making problems for the wardrobe. Because of the large numbers of costumes needed full use must be made of the cheapest materials available, such as tarlatan (thin, stiff, open-weave muslin) nets and inexpensive cottons and taffetas. Very often it is possible to pick up goods that have been substantially reduced in price as cheap lines either in the big stores or on stalls in street markets.
Costumes for pantomimes need to be imaginative, gay and fairly bold in conception—this does not mean that they need to be garish. Usually in one scene there needs to be the flavor of what is newest at the moment in clothes. It is always a good idea to make use of a modern gimmick and to point it in some way if this can be conveniently fitted into the scheme. The audience comes to pantomime to have the eye feasted as much as for any other purpose, thus making a great chance for the designer to excel. Because of the very varied audience to be catered for there must be costumes to please patrons of all ages and delight the eyes of toddlers, teenagers, parents and grandparents.
Usually there is the chance for some country scene involving merry-making peasants in ginghams, stripes of chintzes. There may be a military or naval routine or some number emphasizing precision and calling for trim slick costumes. There is certain to be a ballet which is to look fairy-like or romantic and pretty and which may well need either classical or romantic tutus. The finale, which must be the most spectacular of all, is often set in a ballroom or palace where all the characters come together to make their final bows; and it is for this scene that the glitter of sequins and jewels, the sparkle of tinsel, the gold and silver materials and the waving plumes should be saved.
It may be helpful to examine the different characters and the various scenes in which they are likely to appear. They remain much the same in all pantomimes; the flavor varying according to the setting—so that a s\dash of the Orient, or the particular feeling of a historical epoch is added to the standard costume.

1.     Which word can best describe the final scene in pantomime?
[A]. Spectacular.     . Beautiful.       [C]. Romantic.     [D]. Sparkling.
2.     What is the best title for this passage?
[A]. How to Gain Success of a Pantomime.
. The Most Important Factors in a Pantomime.
[C]. Pantomime needs to have a very-well.
[D]. How to Make Preparation for a Pantomime.
3.     What does paragraph two imply?
[A]. It implies actor and actress outnumber costume.
. It implies costume costs too much.
[C]. It implies the funds available is on meager side.
[D]. It implies a good plan is necessary for a pantomime.
4.     The success of a pantomime lie in
[A]. well-planned preparation.         . excellent actors.
[C]. brilliant costume.             [D]. harmony.

Vocabulary
1.     culminate               达到顶点，达到最高潮
2.     insuperable               不可逾越的，不可克服的
3.     tarlatan                 薄纱，塔拉丹
4.     taffeta                 花花绿绿的塔夫绸，衬绸
5.     gimmick               （魔术师道具等）暗机关，
6.     garish                 装饰（物） 鲜艳夺目的，俗不可耐的
7.     gingham                 方格花布
8.     stripe                 条纹布，斜纹布
9.     chintz                 擦光印花棉布
10.     slick                   光滑的，打扮漂亮的，华而不实的，讨人喜欢的
11.     tutu                   （芭蕾舞女演员）短裙
12.     sequin                 装饰服装用的圆形小金属片
13.     tinsel                   金银丝织品，闪亮装饰品

难句译注
1.     This latter is really just an excuse for visual effects, and for once the performers become merely cloths hangers on which to put elaborate garments.
[结构简析] for once= for just once 就这一次
[参考译文] 后者确实就是为了视觉效果，就这一次，演员成了仅仅是套上精致衣服的衣架子。
2.     Usually in one scene there needs to be the flavor of what is newest at the moment in clothes. It is always a good idea to make use of a modern gimmick and to point it in some way if this can be conveniently fitted into the scheme.
[结构简析] 两句句子。To make use of 利用，to point 强调。
[参考译文] 一般说来，在一幕里，需要有当时服装上最新款式和风格。如果便于和演出设计相吻合的话，利用当时的机关并给以适当突出也不失为好办法。
3.     The audience comes to pantomime to have the eye feasted as much as for any other purpose, thus making a great chance for the designer to excel。
[结构简析] 注意后面thus making…的译法。
[参考译文] 观众来看哑剧，不仅为了大饱眼福，还有其它目的。这就给了设计者展示才能超越别人的大好机会。

写作方法与文章大意
  这是一篇论述哑剧准备工作的文章。文章一开始就点明主题。然后从钱，剧幕，服装，色彩，情趣等方面加以阐明，手法多种。
答案祥解
1.     A. 最后一幕非常壮观。文章内两处提到，第一段第二句“哑剧几乎总是分成独立的几幕，常常是发生在不同的国家和不同的世纪，因此，在宏伟的最后一幕有一个达到高潮完整统一设计。”第四段第四行末尾“最后一幕，必须是全戏最壮观的，地点常常是在舞厅或者皇宫，聚集着所有的演员，以备谢幕。”
B. 美丽的。     C. 浪漫的。       D. 灿烂的，都只是壮观中之一部分。
2.     D. 如何为哑剧做好准备工作。文章一开始“哑剧，像露天演出剧一样，需要很好策划，应在演出前好几个星期作好最初的组织工作……。”后面几段都是围绕这一中心而写。
A. 如何获取哑剧的成功，文中提得很少但准备的目的是获得成功。   B. 哑剧的最重要的因素。   C. 哑剧需要一个很好的设计，都是准备工作中提及的部分内容。
3.     C. 隐射能得到的资金很少。第二段“剧幕场景应和舞台监督进行详细的讨论。这样决定下来的场景不会出现预算内金额不能提供服装，或剧团服装难以供应的问题。由于需要剧装量大，要充分利用能得到的最便宜的材料，类似薄纱，低价棉布和衬绸之类。可以在大商店或马路地摊上选购一些降价的便宜货品。”这一段说明他们的资金相当少，所以C 正确。
A. 演员认输超过了服装数。     B. 服装太贵，文中都没有提到。也不是第二段的内涵。   D. 哑剧需要一个好计划。一开始就点明，不用隐射。
4.     A. 充分计划好的准备工作。如果没有计划，其他三点都谈不上。因为
B. 优秀演员。   C. 华丽的戏装。     D. 和谐，都四计划内考虑的因素。

Passage Twenty-three (Women and Fashions)
Whenever you see an old film, even one made as little as ten years ago, you cannot help being struck by the appearance of the women taking part. Their hair-styles and make-up look dated; their skirts look either too long or too short; their general appearance is, in fact, slightly ludicrous. The men taking part in the film, on the other hand, are clearly recognizable. There is nothing about their appearance to suggest that they belong to an entirely different age.
This illusion is created by changing fashions. Over the year, the great majority of men have successfully resisted all attempts to make them change their style of dress. The same cannot be said for women. Each year a few so- called top designers in Paris or London lay down the law and women the whole world over rush to obey. The decrees of the designers are unpredictable and dictatorial. This year, they decide in their arbitrary fashion, skirts will be short and waists will be high; zips are in and buttons are out. Next year the law is reversed and far from taking exception, no one is even mildly surprised.
If women are mercilessly exploited year after year, they have only themselves to blame. Because they shudder at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are annually black-mailed by the designers and the big stores. Clothes, which have been worn, only a few times have to be discarded because of the dictates of fashion. When you come to think of it, only a women is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has nothing to wear.
Changing fashions are nothing more than the deliberate creation of waste. Many women squander vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women, who cannot afford to discard clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Hem-limes are taken up or let down; waist-lines are taken in or let out; neck-lines are lowered or raised, and so on.
No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability. They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort, providing they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasn’t at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shivering in a flimsy dress on a wintry day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in dainty shoes.
When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to be drawn are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashions of women’s clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of fickleness and instability? Men are too sensible to let themselves be bullied by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability? That is for you to decide.

1.     The main idea of this passage is
[A]. New fashions in clothes reflect the qualities of women.
. New fashions in clothing are created solely for commercial exploitation of women.
[C]. The top designers seem to have the right to creating new fashion.
[D]. Men have the basic quality of reliability.
2.     Why do the general appearance of actresses look ludicrous?
[A]. Because they want their appearance in the fashion.
. Because the top designers want them to follow the fashion.
[C]. Because the top designers want them to make fashion.
[D]. Because the top designers want them to lead the fashion.
3.     Why are women mercilessly exploited by the fashion designers?
[A]. They love new fashion.       . They love new clothes.
[C]. They want to look beautiful.     [D]. They are too vain.
4.     What are fashion designers interested in?
[A]. Outward appearance.         . Comfort.
[C]. Beauty.                 [D]. Durability.

Vocabulary
1.     dated                   过时的
2.     decree                   法令，命令
3.     dictatorial                 专制的，惟我独尊的
4.     arbitrary                 任意的，专横的
5.     take exception (at)           生气，发怒
6.     take exception to (against)       对……提出异议
7.     dictates (pl)               意旨，命令，指令
8.     squander                 浪费
9.     hem                   褶边，折缝，镶边
10.     flimsy                   薄的，没有价值的
11.     dainty                   雅致的，讲究的
12.     fickle                   易变的，轻浮的
13.     bully                   欺负
14.     lay down the law       （制定法律）这里指服装设计师发号施令或定出条条框框

难句译注
1. lay down the law       制定法律。这里指：发号施令或定出条条框框。
2. Next year the law is reversed and far from taking exception, no one is even mildly surprised.
  [参考译文] 第二年，条例又反过来，人们远没有生气，甚至连稍稍的惊讶都没有。

写作方法和文章大意
文章论述“妇女时装更新”问题，采用因果，对比手法。先从男女演员服装的差异，谈到服装设计师年年变更样式，风格。妇女不顾一切的追随，甘愿被剥削的根源。而男人却能淡然处之。

答案祥解
1.     B. 创制新时装就是对妇女的商业性剥削。答案遍及全文。也有几段突出描述。如：第二段第四句“每年，巴黎，伦敦的一些所谓高级设计师定出条条框框，全世界妇女竞相服从。设计师的条令难以预测，说一不二。”第三段“要说妇女年年被无情的剥削之事，只能怪她们自己。由于她们一想起在公共场所穿着过失的衣服就会发抖，所以他们每年都被设计师和大商店讹诈（勒索）……”第四段：“许多妇女（每年）浪费大笔钱财来置换她们从未穿过的服装，时装变化就是故意创造浪费。”
A. 时装反映妇女的秉性。这是在最后一段结论中提及，不是中心思想。   D. 男人具有可靠性的基本素质。不对。   C. 高级设计师似乎有权创造新款式。这是作者在批评设计者。
2.     D. 因为高级设计师请她们领导时装潮流。只是常识，设计师新颖服装的推出，首先是让演员试装——等于时装模特的效用，掀起可以领导时装的新潮流。
A. 他们要打扮入时，这只是演员的一方面。     B. 随大流。   C. 作作样子。 都是不对的。
3.     D. 他们太好虚荣。 这在文章的好几段内都提到。如第一题中的第二段，三段，四段的参考译文。如第三段后半部分“只穿了几次的衣服就因为时尚的命令而弃之一边。当你想到只有妇女能站在堆满衣服的衣柜前，悲哀的诉说她没有衣服穿。”第四段的后半段“花不起大笔钱财买衣服的妇女会花上好几个小时把他们已有的衣服换来换去”。第五段后半部分“男人一生中经常可以看到大冬天妇女颤抖在薄薄的衣衫中，或者穿着精致的鞋在雪地上选路走，这都令他们发笑”。最后一段结论，画龙点睛的以问点明“经常不断的换时装。人们不禁要问，这是不是反映了妇女轻浮和易变的基本素质（秉性）？”
A. 她们爱新时尚；   B. 她们爱新衣服；   C. 她们想瞧着美。这三项只是虚荣的部分组成。
4.     A. 外观。答案在第五段“没有人认为时装工业为社会作过真正的贡献。时装设计师很少关心保暖，舒服和耐穿这类紧要的事，他们只是对外观感性趣，他们利用了妇女的心理：只要看着美，她们能忍受一切（痛苦）不舒服……。”
B. 舒适。   C. 美，时装不一定美。     D. 耐穿。

Passage Twenty-four (A Smuggling Syndicate)
  The smuggler in many ways is just another international businessman and his turnover would do credit to many international corporations. His business happens to be illegal and risky, but look at the stakes involved: $5 billion worth of heroin smuggled into the United States each year, and $1.5 billion in gold passing annually along smuggling pipelines to India and Indonesia, to France and Morocco, to Brazil and Turkey. Perhaps half of all the watches made in Switzerland reach their eventual wearers by some back door. Most of this illicit trade is carried on with all the efficiency of any multinational company. Entirely legitimate businesses, such as a travel bureau or an import-export agency, are also often fronts for smuggling organizations. One of the world’s largest gold smugglers also owned and operated the franchise for a leading make of British cars in a small Middle Eastern country. He made a good profit from both activities.
  A smuggling syndicate operates much like any other business. The boss is really a chief executive. He makes all the plans, establishes international contacts, and thinks up the smuggling routes and method but remains aloof from actual operations. He is aided by a handful of managers looking after such specialties as financing, travel (one reason why many smuggling syndicates find it handy to have their own travel agency), the bribing of airline or customs officials, and recruitment of couriers, or mules as they are called. There may also be someone in charge of local arrangements in the countries to which the smuggled goods is going.
  Another similarity between legitimate business and its illegal counterpart is price fluctuation. Just as the prices of products traded legally vary with quality and market conditions such as supply and demand, so do the prices of goods go up and down in the smuggling trade. Consider the price of drugs. Heroin and cannabis, in whatever form or by whatever name, cone in several grades, each with a going price. The wholesale price at which big dealers sell to big dealers is less than the street price. When the authorities are successful in reducing the supply buy seizures, the price of all grades rises.

1.     The main idea for this passage is
[A]. The Comparison between Legitimate Business and Its Illegal Counterpart.
. The similarities between Legitimate Business and Smuggling.
[C]. Smugglers May Make Great Profit from Both Activities.
[D]. The Boss in Smuggling Syndicate is a Chief Executive.
2.     When is the price going down?
[A]. The quality of the foods and market condition are not very well.
. The quality of goods and market condition vary.
[C]. Unbalance between supply and demand.
[D]. The price of other goods fluctuates.
3.     It can be inferred that a smuggler
[A]. may make plan and establish international contacts.
. is a real boss.
[C]. may make money in different ways .
[D]. may sell other goods.
4.     One of the best ways smugglers usually take is
[A]. to set up multinational companies.
. to engage in illegal businesses only.
[C]. to make legitimate businesses as fronts for smuggling organizations.
  [D]. to make good profits from both activities.

Vocabulary
1.     turnover               营业额
2.     do credit to             增光于某人/某物
3.     stake                 下在投机生意上的股本，赌注
4.     smuggling pipeline         走私线路
5.     speciality               专业部门，公司
6.     recruit                 招募，添补（新兵）

难句译注
1.     The smuggler in many ways is just another international businessman and his turnover would do credit to many international corporations.
[结构简析] 并列句
[参考译文] 走私者在许多方面就像一个国际商人，而他的营业额确为许多国际公司增光。

写作方法与文章大意
这是一篇介绍走私集团的文章，采用对比写法——正常（合法）的商业和走私（非法）集团的对比。第一段第一句就点明宗旨：走私者在许多方面就像一个国际商人，而他的营业额确为许多国际公司增光。不仅如此，有的也经营合法商业，如旅游，进出口公司等，这些往往是非法走私组织的前哨阵地。
第二段介绍了走私辛迪加的经营情况非常类似其他商业。老板就是真正的（执行）董事长。他制定计划，签定国际合同，确定走私路线和方法但不参与具体执行行动。有一批经理助他管理各个专业部门，如财政，旅行，贿赂海关或航空公司官员等，还有当地接应走私货品的负责人。
第三段叙述了合法和非法贸易另一个相似点——价格波动，价格随市场供需和商品质量而有所差异。

答案祥解
1.     B. 合法商业和走私的相似性。是这篇文章的中心思想。它是通过对比方法说明这种相似性。并不是两者对比得出结论。所以
A. 合法商业和非法商业比较。不对。   C. 走私者可以从两种活动中谋取利润 和 D. 走私集团中的老板是董事长，只是对比中提到个别具体事实。不是中心思想。
2.     A. 货物质量和市场情况不好。第三段第二句“正如合法商业按质论价和按市场供需价一样，走私商品也是按这两者调节价格的上升和下降。”所以当质量和市场情况不好价格就跌。
B. 货物质量和市场变化。这并不一定跌价，也可能上升。     C. 供需不平衡。并没有说明供大于求，和跌价无关。     D. 其它商品价波动。这不一定下跌。所以B,C,D都不对。
3.     D. 可能会卖其他货品。题目是推断，（infer）。从第一段最后一句“世界上最大走私黄金商之买卖，可推断出走私商照样可以经营其他商品。至于
A. 制定计划，签定合同。     B. 走私商是真正的老板。       C. 以不同的方式赚钱，都是文章中直抒，不是推断出来的结论。
4.     C. 以合法商业掩护他们走私是走私商经常采用，也是最佳的方法之一。
A. 多国公司。   B. 只从事非法商贸，这并不是最佳方法。   D. 从两方面赚钱，并不是方法，而是有了掩护所后，多一份收入而已。

Passage Twenty-five (Exploration of the Titanic)
  After resting on the ocean floor, split asunder and rusting, for nearly three-quarters of a century, a great ship seemed to cone alive again. The saga of the White Star liner Titanic, which struck an iceberg and sank on its maiden voyage in 1912, carrying more than 1,500 passengers to their death, has been celebrated in print and on film, in poetry and song. But last week what had been legendary suddenly became real. As they viewed videotapes and photographs of the sunken leviathan, millions of people around the world could sense her mass, her eerie quiet and the ruined splendor of a lost age.
Watching on television, they vicariously joined the undersea craft Alvin and Jason Jr. (J.J.) as they toured the wreckage of the luxury liner, wandering across the decks past corroded bollards, peering into the officer’s quarters and through rust-curtained portholes. Views of the railings where doomed passengers and crewmembers stood evoked images of the moonless night 74years ago when the great ship slipped beneath the waves.
The two-minute videotape and nine photographs, all in color and shot 12,500ft.under the North Atlantic, were a tiny sample of 60 hours of video and 60,000 stills garnered during the twelve-day exploration. They are released at a Washington press conference conducted by Marine Geologist Robert Ballard, 44, who led the teams from the Wood Hole Oceanographic Institution that found the Titanic last September and revisited it this July.
Recounting the highlights of what has already become the most celebrated feat of underwater exploration, Ballard revealed some startling new information. His deep-diving craft failed to find the 300-ft. gash that, according to legend, was torn in the Titanic’s hull when the ship plowed into the iceberg. Instead, he suggested, the collision had buckled the ship’s plates, allowing water to pour in. He also brought back evidence that the ship broke apart not when she hit bottom, as he had thought when viewing the first Titanic images last September, but as she sank: the stern, which settled on the bottom almost 1,800ft. from the bow, had swiveled 180 on its way down.

1.     What is the best title for this passage?
[A]. New Information about the Sunken Ship.
. Exploration of the Titanic.
[C]. To watch the Videotape.
[D]. To explore the Titanic with High Tech.
2.     How did the viewers feel when watching the videotape?
[A]. They felt rather sad, and felt they themselves took part in the exploration.
. They felt keenly for it.
[C]. They felt rather bad about it.
[D]. They felt out of spirits.
3.     When did the great ship sink?
[A]. In 1912.
. She sank in its maiden voyage in 1912.
[C]. She sank in its second voyage in 1912.
[D]. She sank in its first voyage in 1912.
4.     What did Robert reveal at a press conference?
[A]. He revealed some startling information.
. He said nothing.
[C]. He complained the exploration was very hard.
[D]. He revealed the success of their work.

Vocabulary
1.     split asunder                 向不同方向裂开，散开
2.     saga                     英雄传说，冒险故事
3.     maiden voyage               处女航
4.     celebrate                   赞美，庆祝。这里指大肆宣传
5.     leviathan                   巨型远洋轮
6.     eerie                     可怕的，怪异的
7.     splendor                   美妙的景象
8.     vicariously                 产生共鸣的，代理的
9.     luxury liner                 豪华巨轮
10.     bollard                     系揽柱
11.     porthole                   舷窗
12.     railing                     栏杆
13.     evoke                     唤起，引起，（招）魂
14.     still                       静物摄影照片
15.     garner                     收集，积累
16.     highlight                   最精彩场面，最重要部分
17.     feat                       功绩
18.     gash                     裂缝
19.     hull                       船体
20.     plow into= plough into           撞上，干劲十足的投入
21.     buckle                     使弯曲
22.     stern                     船尾
23.     bow                     船头
24.     swivel                     旋转

难句译注
1.     The saga of the White Star liner Titanic, which struck an iceberg and sank on its maiden voyage in 1912, carrying more than 1,500 passengers to their death, has been celebrated in print and on film, in poetry and song.
[结构简析] 被动语态，中插定语从句which struck 和分词短语carrying more than 都是修饰 liner.
[参考译文] 白星级定期轮班泰坦尼克号于1912年的首航中因撞上冰山而沉没，船上一千五百多名乘客全部罹难。此后关于它的种种传说一直为各种刊物，电影，诗歌和歌曲广泛宣传。
2.     Watching on television, they vicariously joined the undersea craft Alvin and Jason Jr. (J.J.) as they toured the wreckage of the luxury liner, wandering across the decks past corroded bollards, peering into the officer’s quarters and through rust-curtained portholes.
[结构简析] 主从句，主句前有分词短语watching, 修饰主句中的they （观众），而从句中（as）they 是指Alvin 和Jason Jr. 后面的分词短语都是说明从句中的they。
[参考译文] 观众们看着电视，就像亲临其境似的参与深水工作船阿尔文号和机器人探测器小贾森的工作。随他们巡视这艘豪华举轮残骸，漫游甲板，经过侵蚀的系栏柱，凝视高级船员舱，穿过满是铁锈的舷窗。
3.     Views of the railings where doomed passengers and crewmembers stood evoked images of the moonless night 74years ago when the great ship slipped beneath the waves.
[结构简析] 主从句，主句中定从where修饰railings。
[参考译文] 看到那些栏杆使人想起七十四年前就在这艘巨轮沉入汪洋的那个暗无星月的夜晚，罹难的旅客和水手们也曾站在栏杆旁。
4.     He also brought back evidence that the ship broke apart not when she hit bottom, as he had thought when viewing the first Titanic images last September, but as she sank: the stern, which settled on the bottom almost 1,800ft. from the bow, had swiveled 180 on its way down.
[结构简析] 结构复杂。That clause 是evidence 的同位语。That 从句中用了not…but 句型。 Not句中为主从句加状从 as he had though …，but 句中为主从句，中插入定语从句which settled 修饰the stern。
[参考译文] 他还带回证据说明船不是撞在海底时断裂的，而是在下沉时断裂的。船尾下沉时旋转一百八十度，它在海底几乎离船头一千八百英尺远。而在他去年九月第一次见到泰坦尼克号时，还以为船是撞到海底才断裂的。

写作方法与文章大意
  文章描述了对沉没巨轮（泰坦尼克号）探测的情况，也是一篇三段式模式的文章：先时间，地点，所发生沉轮的事实，再引了录像带把进行探测的全过程呈现，最后是惊人的结果。

答案祥解1.     D. 用高技术探测泰坦尼克号。第一段最后一句“当世界上千百万人观看这艘沉没巨轮的录像带说，他们都会觉察到她的巨大的船体，她周围可怕的沉寂和岁月流失那种凄惨的景象。”这里已说明是探测的录像片。第三段“这两分钟彩色录像带和九张照片是在被大西洋12500英尺深处拍摄的，它们只是十二天探测期间拍摄的60小时录像带和60000静物照中的一小部分。这些录像带和照片是44对的海洋地质学家罗伯特巴拉德领导的伍德霍尔海洋研究所科学探险队，于去年九月发现了泰坦尼克号并于今年七月重访了它。”第二段中点明用“深水工作船和机器人小贾森……”高科技。
A. 有关沉船的新消息。这只是罗伯特在记者招待会上宣布的一条消息。作为标题不合适。   B. 探测泰坦尼克号，接近标题，但没有D确切。   C. 看录像带。
2.     A. 他们黯然神伤，有身临其境在探测之感。见第1题中第一段最后一句注译和难句译注2。
B. 他们很同情这艘船； C. 他们感到不愉快。   D. 他们感到很消沉。这三段文内都没有提到。
3.     B. 她于1912年首航中沉没。见难句译注1。
A. 1913。     C. 1912。第二次航行。     D. 1913年首航。这三项都不对。
4.     A. 他宣布一个惊人的消息。见最后一段第二句起：“他的探潜工作船没找到泰坦尼克号船上那三百英尺长裂缝，据说这裂缝是巨轮撞冰山时在船体上留下的。相反，巴拉德认为与冰山相撞造成船体弯曲变形，使海水大量涌入船内”后面译文见难句译注4。
B. 他没有说什么。     C. 他抱怨探测工作非常艰难。     D. 他宣布探测成功。这三项文内没有涉及。

Passage Twenty-six (Sensory Evaluation of Food)
  A Polish proverb claims that fish, to taste right, should three times—in water, in butter and in wine. The early efforts of the basic scientists in the food industry were directed at improving the preparation, preservation, and distribution of safe and nutritious food. Our memories of certain foodstuffs eaten during the World War II suggest that, although these might have been safe and nutritious, they certainly did not taste right nor were they particularly appetizing in appearance or smell. This neglect of the sensory appeal of foods is happily becoming a thing of the past. Bow, in the book “Principles of Sensory Evaluation of Food,” the authors hope that it will be useful to food technologists in industry and also to others engaged in research into problem of sensory evaluation of foods. An attempt has clearly been make to collect every possible piece of information, which might be useful, more than one thousand five hundred references being quoted. As a result, the book seems at first sight to be an exhaustive and critically useful review of the literature. This it certainly is, but this is by no means is its only achievement, for there are many suggestions for further lines of research, and the discursive passages are crisply provocative of new ideas and new ways of looking at established findings.
  Of particular interest is the weight given to the psychological aspects of perception, both objectively and subjectively. The relation between stimuli and perception is well covered, and includes a valuable discussion of the uses and disadvantages of the Weber fraction of differences. It is interesting to find that in spite of many attempts to separate and define the modalities of taste, nothing better has been achieved than the familiar classification into sweet, sour salty and bitter. Nor is there as yet any clear-cut evidence of the physiological nature of the taste stimulus. With regard to smell, systems of classification are of little value because of the extraordinary sensitivity of the nose and because the response to the stimulus is so subjective. The authors suggest that a classification based on the size, shape and electronic status of the molecule involved merits further investigation, as does the theoretical proposition that weak physical binding of the stimulant molecule to he receptor site is a necessary part of the mechanism of stimulation.
  Apart from taste and smell, there are many other components of perception of the sensations from food in the mouth. The basic modalities of pain, cold, warmth and touch, together with vibration sense, discrimination and localization may all play a part, as, of course, does auditory reception of bone-conducted vibratory stimuli from the teeth when eating crisp or crunchy foods. In this connection the authors rightly point out that this type of stimulus requires much more investigation, suggesting that a start might be made by using subjects afflicted with various forms of deafness. It is well-known that extraneous noise may alter discrimination, and the attention of the authors is directed to the work of Prof. H. J. Eysenck on the “stimulus hunger” of extroverts and the “stimulus avoidance” of introverts.

1.     The reviewer uses a Polish proverb at the beginning of the article in order to
[A]. introduce, in an interesting manner, the discussion of food.
. show the connection between food and nationality of food.
[C]. indicate that there are various ways to prepare food.
[D]. impress upon the reader the food value of fish.
2.     The reviewers appraisal of “Principles of Sensory Evaluation of Food” is one of
[A]. mixed feelings.           . indifference
[C]. high praise.             [D]. faint praise.
3.     The writer of the article does not express the view, either directly or by implication, that
[A]. sharply defined classifications of taste are needed.
. more research should be done regarding the molecular constituency of food.
[C]. food values are objectively determined by an expert “smeller”.
[D]. temperature is an important factor in the value of food.
4.     The authors of the book suggest the use of deaf subject because
[A]. deaf people are generally introversive.
. the auditory sense is an important factor in food evaluation.
[C]. they are more fastidious in their choice of foods.
[D]. All types of subjects should be used.

Vocabulary
1.     preservation               保鲜，保存
2.     sensory appeal             感官的魅力
3.     be provocative of             脱颖而出
4.     exhaustive               详尽的，无遗漏的
5.     discursive                 推论的
6.     be provocative of             引起……争论/兴趣等的
7.     crisp                   有力的，有劲的
8.     perception               感觉，知觉，直觉
9.     modality                 方式
      modality of taste     （味）感觉到
10.     discrimination               鉴别力
11.     localization               地区性，定位
12.     merit                   值得……，有……价值
13.     crunchy                 嘎吱作响的
14.     extraneous                 外部的
15.     extrovert                 外向性格的人
16.     introvert                 内项性格的人

难句译注
1.     although these might have been safe and nutritious, they certainly did not taste right nor were they particularly appetizing in appearance or smell.
[结构简析] in appearance or smell 应译成：色或香。
[参考译文] 虽然这些饭菜可能是安全又有营养，但是肯定味不正，特别是在色，香上难以增进食欲。
2.     This it certainly is, but this is by no means is its only achievement, for there are many suggestions for further lines of research, and the discursive passages are crisply provocative of new ideas and new ways of looking at established findings.
[结构简析] 复合句。This 指前一句内容：书既详细又是对有关食品学的文字做了十分有用的评论……。 Be provocative of 引起……争论或兴趣。
[参考译文] 确实如此，可是这并不是书的唯一成就，因为书内有许多关于进一步研究范围的建议。推论性篇章及能令人非常感兴趣的看待现存成果的新观点和新方法。
3.     The relation between stimuli and perception is well covered, and includes a valuable discussion of the uses and disadvantages of the Weber fraction of differences.
Weber fraction 为Ernest Heinrich Weber所著，他生于1795年，死与1878，是德国生理学家。
[参考译文] 书中详细论及刺激和感觉的关系。还包括了一篇很有价值的讨论文章：谈论威伯分数在评价差异上的缺点和实用性。

写作方法和文章大意
  这是一篇介绍“感官评价食品的原理“一书的序言。评者从书的读者对象，书的篇幅到内涵具体涉及片谈起，从主观到客观论证，采用例子和对比说明。第一段全面介绍，点出此书不同于过去的书。它们都把重点放在改善准备，保养和销售上。此书信息多，引证参考资料多，对今后研究有新建议； 对已有成果有新关点。第二段，从客观到主观的论述味觉，嗅觉并加以对比。第三段从众多其它感觉中，以听觉为重点论证。

答案祥解
1.     A. 以有趣的方式开始介绍食品讨论。文章一开始，评者就用“波兰有一谚语说，鱼，要想品味正，应游泳三次——在水里游，在油里游和在酒中游。”这是国外广告式论说文经常才用的一种写作方式。目的是吸引读者，激起他们想读下去的欲望，以达到推广作用。
B. 表明食品和国籍的关系。     C. 表明有各种准备食品的方法。   D. 加深读者对鱼的价值的影响，三项都不对。
2.     C. 评价高。评论者当然对此书评价极高，这是序言的必然途径。贬的就是批评文章了。全篇文章也说明这点。
3.     C. 食品价值由专家的嗅觉客观决定。这和第二段后半段的内涵有联系。他说，味道可分甜，酸，咸辣，而味觉生理性却无明确无误的证据。“至于（嗅觉）闻，由于鼻子特别灵敏，对外界刺激的反映主观性强，所以任何分类体系均无价值。”作者建议以“大小，形状和涉及分子电子态为基础的分类值得进一步探讨研究，就像理论性前提一样。刺激物分子和受体之间弱的物理结合是刺激生理机能的必要组成部分。”这段文章谈到味觉，嗅觉但并没有直接或间接表达这种观点：食品的价值是通过专家的嗅觉客观判定。
A. 需要明确无误的味觉分类。酸，咸，辣就是味觉的分类。   B. 有关食品分子构成进行更多研究。文内也讲到有关分子电子态应进一步研究。   D. 温度是食品评价中的一个因素。文内只在第三段提到了“除了味觉，嗅觉外，口中食品还有其他许多种感觉成分，基本为疼，冷，热，触碰以及震动感，鉴别力和地区性都可能起作用。“作者直接说明热是可能有作用的。
4.     B. 听觉在食品评价中是一个重要因素。这在第三段内提到。除了味觉和嗅觉外，口中食品还会产生许多其它感觉。基本可分为痛，冷，热，触碰以及震动感，鉴别力和地区性都可能起作用。就像在吃脆硬或嘎嘎作响的食品时，听觉接受了来自牙齿骨操纵的震动刺激。在这方面，作者真确指出这种刺激需进行更多探讨研究，建议运用受各种听不见痛苦折磨的 病人作起点研究。众所周知，外部的噪声会改变分辨力和注意力。“这说明B. 听觉在食品评价中起着重要作用。是对的。
A. 聋子一般是内项的。     C. 他们在选择食品时很挑剔。     D. 各种物体都应当应用。都和本文无关。

Passage Twenty-seven (Analysis and Interpretation of the News)
  The newspaper must provide for the reader the facts, unalloyed, unslanted, objectively selected facts. But in these days of complex news it must provide more; it must supply interpretation, the meaning of the facts. This is the most important assignment confronting American journalism—to make clear to the reader the problems of the day, to make international news as understandable as community news, to recognize that there is no longer any such thing (with the possible exception of such scribbling as society and club news) as “local” news, because any event in the international area has a local reaction in manpower draft, in economic strain, in terms, indeed, of our very way of life.
  There is in journalism a widespread view that when you embark on interpretation, you are entering choppy and dangerous waters, the swirling tides of opinion. This is nonsense.
  The opponents of interpretation insist that the writer and the editor shall confine himself to the “facts”. This insistence raises two questions: What are the facts? And: Are the bare facts enough?
  As to the first query. Consider how a so-called “factual” story cones about. The reporter collects, say, fifty facts; out of these fifty, his space allotment being necessarily restricted, he selects the ten, which he considers most important. This is Judgment Number One. Then he or his editor decides which of these ten facts shall constitute the lead of the piece (This is important decision because many readers do not proceed beyond the first paragraph.) This is Judgment Number Two. Then the night editor determines whether the article shall be presented on page one, where it has a large impact, or on page twenty-four, where it has little. Judgment Number Three.
  Thus, in the presentation of a so-called “factual” or “objective” story, at least three judgments are involved. And they are judgments not at all unlike those involved in interpretation, in which reporter and editor, calling upon their general background, and their “news neutralism,” arrive at a conclusion as to the significance of the news.
  The two areas of judgment, presentation of the news and its interpretation, are both objective rather then subjective processes—as objective, that is, as any human being can be. (Note in passing: even though complete objectivity can never be achieved, nevertheless the ideal must always be the beacon on the murky news channels.) Of an editor is intent on slanting the news, he can do it in other ways and more effectively than by interpretation. He can do it by the selection of those facts that prop up his particular plea. Or he can do it by the pay he gives a story—promoting it to page one or demoting it to page thirty.

1.     The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is
[A]. Interpreting the News.             . Choosing Facts.
[C]. Subjective versus Objective Processes.   [D]. Everything Counts.
2.     Why does the writer of an article select ten out of 50 available facts?
[A]. Space is limited.         . His editor is prejudiced.
[C]. The subject is not important.   [D]. He is entering choppy and dangerous.
3.     What is the least effective way of “slanting” news/
[A]. Interpretation.           . His editor is prejudiced.
[C]. Placement.             [D]. Concentration.
4.     Why should the lead sentence present the most important fact?
[A]. It will influence the reader to continue.
. It will be the best way to write.
[C]. Some readers do not read beyond the first paragraph.
[D]. It will gratify the editor.

Vocabulary
1.     unalloyed               纯粹的，没有杂物的
2.     unslanted               无偏见的，不歪曲的
3.     scribble                 胡写，乱写；粗制滥造的文章
4.     manpower draft             人力征用，券集
5.     economic strain             经济紧张，压力
6.     embark on               开始，从事
7.     choppy                 波浪滔滔的，变动频繁，紊乱
8.     query                 疑问，质问
9.     come about               发生
10.     allotment               分配
11.     beacon                 信标，灯塔，烽火
12.     murky                 阴暗的，（雾等）浓的
13.     prop up                 给……撑腰，支持
14.     demote                 使降级。相应词 promote
15.     news neutralism           无倾向性新闻，新闻中立主义
16.     lead                   （新闻等）导语，提要

难句译注
1.     This is the most important assignment confronting American journalism—to make clear to the reader the problems of the day, to make international news as understandable as community news, to recognize that there is no longer any such thing (with the possible exception of such scribbling as society and club news) as “local” news, because any event in the international area has a local reaction in manpower draft, in economic strain, in terms, indeed, of our very way of life.
[结构简析] 主从句，句中连用三个不定式，是实际的主语，也就是this 的内容。后跟宾语或宾语从句。
[参考译文] 美国报界面临最重要的儿女物是向读者讲清今日存在的问题，使国际新闻像地区社区新闻一样明白易懂，使他们认识到不再有什么“本地”新闻这类事情（社团或俱乐部粗制滥造的文章可能要除外），因为国际上任何新闻在人力征用，募集，经济负担，事实上在生活的各方面都会引起地区反应。
2.     There is in journalism a widespread view that when you embark on interpretation, you are entering choppy and dangerous waters, the swirling tides of opinion.
[结构简析] the swirling…是说明语。
[参考译文] 报界有一种普遍存在的观点：当你从事解释新闻的工作（对新闻进行解释时），你就进入了波浪滔天，险情还生的水域，意见漩掀的浪潮。
3.     And they are judgments not at all unlike those involved in interpretation, in which reporter and editor, calling upon their general background, and their “news neutralism,” arrive at a conclusion as to the significance of the news.
[结构简析] 句中有定语从句in which 修饰interpretation. 定从中calling on 分词短语作伴随状态，修饰reporter and editor。
[参考译文] 这些判断评价就像解释新闻多涉及的判断一样。在这里，记者和编辑要动用他们的新闻调查研究资源，他们一般的背景材料以及新闻“中立”态度来得出有关新闻意义的结论。
4.     The two areas of judgment, presentation of the news and its interpretation, are both objective rather then subjective processes—as objective, that is, as any human being can be. (Note in passing: even though complete objectivity can never be achieved, nevertheless the ideal must always be the beacon on the murky news channels.)
[结构简析] a note in passing 义；顺便说一句，附带的谈一下。
[参考译文] 这两个判断领域：提供新闻内容和解说新闻领域可不是主观过程，而是客观过程——也就是说，要像任何人能做到的那样客观。顺便说一句，就算达不到绝对的客观，那客观的理想必须始终如一的是迷雾漫漫新航道上的信标。

写作方法与文章大意
  文章论及“新闻评价”问题。采用一般到具体手法。文章一开始就提出新闻要客观，真实的事实，解释要清楚，使读者明白今日世界的问题。国内外大事和我们生活休戚相关。然后讲述选材过程，版面布置。最后谈到提供和解说新闻中评价要客观。

答案祥解
1.     A. 解释新闻。文章虽提及两个领域（见难句译注4），但重点在解释（见难句译注2）。提供是“解说”的前提，但作为标题不合适，因为它是作为“解释”的对比而写的。（见难句译注3 not at all unlike…及难句译注4 are both objective rather than…）
B. 选择事实。这只是提供新闻中一个具体步骤。     C. 主观对客观过程。也是一个具体方面（见难句译注4）。     D. 一切都要算在内。涉及面太广，文内没提及。
2.     A. 版面空间有限。第四段三句：“举例说，记者收集50条新闻事实。他从50条中选出10条他认为是最重要的新闻，因为他的版面空间分配必定有所限制。”
B. 他的编辑有偏见。不对。   C. 他的文章主题不重要。 不对。   D. 他进到了波浪滔天的危险水域（见难句译注2）。这是讲新闻解释。
3.     A. 解说。最后一段最后三句：“如果编辑想要歪曲新闻，他可以采用其他办法，远比解说要有效的多。他可以通过选择支持他的观点的才，或通过他给每条新闻所定的位置达到歪曲的目的——提升到头版，或者降低到三十版。”这段话说明其它办法歪曲新闻比解说新闻来歪曲有效的多。
B. 选材。       C. 定位。       D. 集中。
4.     C. 有些读者不读一段以下的问心，这是常识。有的读者就读大标题。
A. 它将影响读者继续读下去。     B. 这是最佳的写作方法。       D. 这会使编辑高兴。

Passage Twenty-eight (Chemistry and Biology)
About a century ago, the Swedish physical scientist Arrhenius proposed a low of classical chemistry that relates chemical reaction rate to temperature. According to his equation, chemical reactions are increasingly unlikely to occur as temperature approaches absolute zero, and at absolute zero, reactions stop. However, recent experiment evidence reveals that although the Arrhenius equation is generally accurate in describing the kind of chemical reaction that occurs at relatively high temperature, at temperatures closer to zero a quantum-mechanical effect known as tunneling comes into play; this effect accounts for chemical reactions that are forbidden by the principles of classical chemistry. Specifically, entire molecules can tunnel through the barriers of repulsive forces from other molecules and chemically react even though these molecules do not have sufficient energy, according to classical chemistry, to overcome the repulsive barrier.
The rate of any chemical reaction, regardless of the temperature at which it takes place, usually depends on a very important characteristic known as its activation energy. Any molecule can be imagined to reside at the bottom of a so-called potential well of energy. S chemical reaction corresponds to the transition of a molecule from the bottom of one potential well to the bottom of another. In classical chemistry, such a transition can be accomplished only by going over the potential barrier between the well, the height of which remain constant and is called the activation energy of the reaction. In tunneling, the reacting molecules tunnel from the bottom of one to the bottom of another well without having to rise over the barrier between the two wells. Recently researchers have developed the concept of tunneling temperature: the temperature below which tunneling transitions greatly outnumber Arrhenius transitions, and classical mechanics gives way to its quantum counterpart.
This tunneling phenomenon at very low temperatures suggested my hypothesis about a cold prehistory of life: formation of rather complex organic molecules in the deep cold of outer space, where temperatures usually reach only a few degrees Kelvin. Cosmic rays might trigger the synthesis of simple molecules, such as interstellar formaldehyde, in dark clouds of interstellar dust. Afterward complex organic molecules would be formed, slowly but surely, by means of tunneling. After I offered my hupothesis, Hoyle and Wickramashinghe argued that molecules of interstellar formaldehyde have indeed evolved into stable polysaccharides such as cellulose and starch. Their conclusions, although strongly disputed, have generated excitement among investigators such as myself who are proposing that the galactic clouds are the places where the prebiological evolution of compounds necessary to life occurred.

1.     The author is mainly concerned with
[A]. describing how the principles of classical chemistry were developed.
. initiating a debate about the kinds of chemical reaction required for the development of life.
[C]. explaining how current research in chemistry may be related to broader biological concerns.
[D]. clarifying inherent ambiguities in the laws of classical chemistry.
2.     In which of the following ways are the mentioned chemical reactions and tunneling reactions alike?
[A]. In both, reacting molecules have to rise over the barrier between the two wells.
. In both types of reactions, a transition is made from the bottom of one potential well to the bottom of another.
[C]. In both types of reactions, reacting molecules are able to go through the barrier between the two wells.
[D]. In neither type of reaction does the rate of a chemical reaction depend on its activation energy.
3.     The author’s attitude toward the theory of a cold prehistory of life can best be described as
[A]. neutral.             . skeptical.
[C]. mildly positive.         [D]. very supportive.
4.     Which of the following best describes the hypothesis of Hoyle and Wickramasinghe?
[A]. Molecules of interstellar formaldehyde can evolve into complex organic molecules.
. Interstellar formaldehyde can be synthesized by tunneling.
[C]. Cosmic rays can directly synthesize complex organic molecules.
[D]. The galactic clouds are the places where prebilogical evolution of compounds necessary to life occurred.

Vocabulary
1.     Arrhenius equation           阿雷尼厄斯方程式
2.     Arrhennius (Svante August)       1859——1927 瑞典理化学家。1903年获诺贝尔化                                         学奖
3.     quantum-mechanical effect       量子机械效应
4.     quantum mechanic           量子力学
5.     tunnel                   挖隧道。这里指贯穿势垒
6.     tunnel through, onto           穿到……进到，贯穿
7.     repulsive                 排斥
8.     activation energy             活化能量
9.     formaldehyde               甲醛
10.     polysaccharide             多糖醇，聚合酶
11.     cellulose                 纤维素
12.     starch                   淀粉
13.     galactic                 银河的，巨大的
14.     come into play               开始活动/起作用

难句译注
1.     However, recent experiment evidence reveals that although the Arrhenius equation is generally accurate in describing the kind of chemical reaction that occurs at relatively high temperature, at temperatures closer to zero a quantum-mechanical effect known as tunneling comes into play; this effect accounts for chemical reactions that are forbidden by the principles of classical chemistry.
2.     Specifically, entire molecules can tunnel through the barriers of repulsive forces from other molecules and chemically react even though these molecules do not have sufficient energy, according to classical chemistry, to overcome the repulsive barrier.
3.     Recently researchers have developed the concept of tunneling temperature: the temperature below which tunneling transitions greatly outnumber Arrhenius transitions, and classical mechanics gives way to its quantum counterpart.

写作方法与文章大意
  文章论述了“贯穿势垒效应”，采用对比手法。先是经典化学定理和贯穿势垒效应之比较。说明两者使用的温度界限不同。低温时贯穿势垒效应作用取代经典力学。最后贯穿势垒现象和生活领域之关系。

答案祥解
1.     C. 说明现在化学研究如何能和更广泛的生物学领域有关。最后一段基本上都是谈与生化的关系。“极低温时的贯穿势垒现象证明我对寒冷的史前生命的假说：在外层空间极其寒冷处，温度一般只有K的几度光景，有相当复杂的有机分子形成。宇宙射线可能激发诸如星际甲醛单分子在星际尘埃的乌云中综合。以后，复杂的有机分子，慢慢的，但稳定的通过贯穿势垒的方式形成。”后又有两位化学家提出“星际甲醛分子确实进化为类似纤维素和淀粉等多糖酶。”他们的结论虽有争议，却实在令人振奋，特别是文章之作者，因为他正提出“巨大的云块这些地方，发生过生命所必须的前生物进化化合物。”
A. 描述经典化学定理如何发展。       B. 开展一场有关生命进化所需的那种化学反应的辩论。       C. 搞清楚经典化学定理所固有的模糊点。
2.     B. 两类反应中，都有一个从一个势阱底部到另一个势阱底部的跃迁。见第二段第三句起“化学反应跟分子从一个势阱的底部到另一个势阱的底部的跃迁相类似。在经典化学中，这种跃迁只有跨过两阱之间势垒才能完成。位垒之高度为常数（固定不变）。这种跃迁叫做能量活化。在贯穿势垒效应中作反应的分子从一个势阱的底部通到另一个势阱底部不需要上升跨越两阱之间的位垒。”
A. 两类反应中，反应中的分子都需跨越两阱间的栏栅。   C. 两类反应中，反应中的分子都能穿过两阱之间的位垒。     D. 两类反应中，没有一种化学反应的速率取决于能量活化。     这三项都不对， 见上文。
3.     C. 有点肯定。 见第1题答案注释译文。因为证实了作者之假设。
A. 中立。     B. 怀疑的。     D. 非常支持。
4.     A. 星际甲醛分子可以进化到复杂的有机分子。见第1题C答案注释译文。
B. 星际甲醛分子可以通过贯穿势垒方式加以综合。     C. 宇宙射线可以直接综合复杂的有机分子。     D. 大块云团是生命所需复合物前生物进化发生的地方。这三项也可从第1题C答案注译译文看出其错误点。

Passage Twenty- nine (Men Are Carrying on a Sex-fight)
This is supposed to be an enlightened age, but you wouldn’t think of if you could heat what the average man thinks of the average woman/ Women won their independence years ago. After a long, bitter struggle, they now enjoy the same educational opportunities as men in most parts of the world. They have proved repeatedly that they are equal and often superior to men in almost every field. The hard-fought battle for recognition has been won, but it is by no means over. It is men, not women who still carry on the sex war because their attitude remains basically hostile. Even in the most progressive societies, women continue to be regarded as second-rate citizens. To hear some men talk, you’d think that women belonged to a different species!
On the surface, the comments made by men about women’s abilities seem light-hearted. The same tired jokes about women drivers are repeated day in, day out. This apparent light-heartedness dose not conceal the real contempt that men feel for women. However much men sneer at women, their claims to superiority are not borne out by statistics. Let’s consider the matter of driving, for instance. We all know that women cause far fewer accidents than men. They are too conscientious and responsible to drive like maniacs. But this is a minor quibble. Women have succeeded in any job you care to name. As politicians, soldiers, doctors, factory-hands, university professors, farmers, company directors, lawyers, bus-conductors, scientists and presidents of countries they have often put men to shame. And we must remember that they frequently succeed brilliantly in all these fields in addition to bearing and rearing children.
Yet men go on maintaining the fiction that there are many jobs women can’t don Top-level political negotiation between countries, business and banking are almost entirely controlled by men, who jealously guard their so-called ‘rights’. Even in otherwise enlightened places like Switzerland women haven’t even been given the cote. This situation is preposterous! The arguments that men put forward to exclude women from these fields are all too familiar. Women, they say, are unreliable and irrational. They depend too little on cool reasoning and too much on intuition and instinct to arrive at decisions. They are not even capable of thinking clearly. Yet when women prove their abilities, men refuse to acknowledge them and give them their due. So much for a man’s ability to think clearly!
The truth is that men cling to their supremacy because of their basic inferiority complex. They shun real competition. They know in their hearts that women are superior and they are afraid of being beaten at their own game. One of the most important tasks in the world is to achieve peace between the nations. You can be sure that if women were allowed to sit round the conference table, they would succeed brilliantly, as they always do, there men have failed for centuries. Some things are too important to be left to men!

1.     What does the first sentence imply?
[A]. It is not really an enlightened age.       . It is different from an enlightened age.
[C]. It is the same as an enlightened age.     [C]. It is like an enlightened age.
2.     Why do men carry on the sex war against women?
[A]. Because of their inferiority.         . Because they shun real competition.
[C]. Because of their claim to supremacy.   [D]. Because they still look down upon women.
3.     The “fiction” is closest in meaning to
[A]. Novel.         . Man-made idea.     [C]. False idea.     [D]. Story.
4.     What is the main argument men have raised against women?
[A]. Women are lack of cold reasoning.       . They depend on intuition too much.
[C]. They are unreliable and irrational.     [C]. They are too still look down upon women.

Vocabulary
1.     conscientious               认真的，真心实意的
2.     maniac                   疯狂的，疯子
3.     preposterous               反常的，荒谬的
4.     quibble                   狡辩，摸棱两可

难句译注
1. the inferiority complex     自卑情绪，指一种由自悲感引起的复杂心理状态，对应词是the superiority complex 自高情绪
2. So much for a man’s ability to think clearly!   这是对男人想清楚能力的讽刺，译文应根据上下文而定。上文说到“妇女甚至难以想得清楚。可是当妇女证明她们有此能力时，男人拒不承认。”
  [参考译文] 男人想清楚的能力可真大啊。
3. But this is a minor quibble.
  [参考译文] 这是一个小小的狡辩。
4. They have often put men to shame.
[参考译文] 她们经常使男人无地自容。

写作方法与文章大意
  文章论及“男人轻视妇女”的问题。采用对比因果的手法写作。先提出妇女经过艰苦卓绝的斗争，赢得了独立的胜利，得到了承认，可是斗争远没结束。因为男子继续在进行性别斗争。下面就从男女双方对比，也可以说，男方轻视妇女及其理由，女方据理反驳。最后作者指出男人轻视妇女的根本原因是他们的自卑情绪。

答案祥解
1.     A. 这确实不是一个启蒙时代。（1）这是第一句话语气和言词传递出来的内容。“这个时代应该是一个启蒙时期，可是假如你听到男人怎么说女人的，你就不会这么认为。”（2）正篇文章也传递了这个信息。
B. 不同于启蒙时期。   C. 这时代跟启蒙时代一样。   D. 这时代象个启蒙时期。 这三项都不对。
2.     C. 他们对至高无上权威的追求。答案在最后一段“事实是由于男人们基本的自卑情绪，他们追求至高无上的权威。他们躲避真正的竞争。他们心里明白妇女比他们优秀，因此他们害怕在他们自己的‘游戏’中失利。”
A. 因为他们自卑。   B. 因为他们躲避真正的竞争。   D. 因为他们仍然轻视妇女。
3.     C. 错误观点。Fiction本意为“虚构”，此处上下文决定此义：“可是男人们继续坚持这种错误的观点：有许多工作妇女干不了，两国高级政治谈判，商业和银行几乎全部为男人们所控制，他们忌妒地保卫着他们所谓的权利。”
A. 小说。   D. 故事。 这是fiction两种基本含义，这里不对。   B. 人为思想。文中没有这种意义。
4.     C. 他们不可信，不理智。答案见第三段“他们把妇女排除这些领域之外，所提出的论点是（众所周知）老调重弹。他们说妇女不可信，不理智。在做决定时，太依赖于直觉和本能。冷静得推理太少。”
A. 他们缺少冷静的推理。   B. 他们太依赖于直觉，这两项只是本段中用以解释“不可信，不理智的。”     D. 他们太认真。这是在第二段总提到的内容“我们都知道妇女引起的交通事故比男人少得多，她们非常认真负责不会像发疯似的开车。”

Passage Thirty (Fingerprints)
  The search for latent prints is done in a systematic and intelligent manner. Investigators develop techniques to locate traces of fingerprints at a crime scene. The basic premise in searching for latent prints is to examine more carefully those areas, which would most likely be touched by persons who have been on the scene. The natural manner in which a person would use and place his hands in making an entrance or exit from a building or in handling any object is the key to the discovery of latent prints.
  Where a forced entrance has been made, latent prints are likely to be found on any surface adjacent to or at that point. Any object with a smooth, non-porous surface is likely to retain latent prints if touched. Fingerprints on rough surfaces are usually of little value. If the fingermark does not disclose ridge detail when viewed under a reading glass, the chances are that its value in identification is nil when photographed. Where fingermarks are found, it will be necessary for the investigator to compare them against the ones of persons having legitimate access to the premises so that the traces might be eliminated as having evidentiary value if they prove to be from these persons. Places to search for prints on an automobile are the rear view mirror, steering wheel hub, steering column, windshield dashboard and the like.
  Dusting of surface may be done with a fine brush or with an atomizer. The whit powders used are basically finely powdered white lead, talc, or chalk. Another light powder is basically Chemist’s gray. A good black powder is composed of lampblack, graphite, and powdered acacia. Dragon’s blood is good powder for white surface and can be fixed on paper by heating. In developing latent prints, the accepted method is to use the powder sparingly and brush lightly. Do not use powder if the fingermark is visible under oblique lighting. It can be photographed. A good policy for the novice is to experiment with his own prints on a surface similar to the one he wishes to search in order to determine the powder best suited to the surface. Fingerprints after dusting may be lifted by using fresh cellulose tape or commercially prepared material especially designed to lift and transfer dusted latent fingerprints.
  In addition to latent prints, the investigator must not overlook the possibility of two other types of fingerprint traces: molded impression and visible impression. Molded impressions are formed by the pressure of the finger upon comparatively soft, pliable, or plastic surfaces producing an actual mold of the fingerprint pattern. These can be recorded by photograph without treating the surface, is usually most effective in revealing the impressions clearly. Visible impressions are formed when the finger is covered with some substance which is transferred to the surface contacted. Fingers smeared with blood, grease, dirt, paint, and the like will leave a visible impression. If these impressions are clear and sharp, they are photographed under light without ant treatment. Ordinarily, prints of this type are blurred or smeared and do not contain enough detail for identification by comparison. However, they can not be overlooked or brushed aside without first being examined carefully.

1.     What is the best title for this passage?
[A]. Visible impressions.         . Moulded impressions.
[C]. Fingerprints.             [D]. Latent fingerprints.
2.     How many fingermarks are mentioned in this passage?
[A]. 2.         . 3.       [C]. 4.         [D]. 5.
3.     Which type of fingerprints is most likely to retain?
[A]. Latent fingerprints.           . Visible impressions.
[C]. Moulded impressions.         [D]. Clear fingerprints.
4.     How many ways are there to develop fingerprints?
[A]. 2.       . 3.       [C]. 4.       [D]. 5.

Vocabulary
1.     latent print               潜在指纹
2.     premise                 前提
3.     non-porous               无孔的，不渗透的
4.     ridge                   脊，隆起部
5.     nil                   无，零
6.     premise                 房屋及其附属部件
7.     rear view mirror             后视镜
8.     steering wheel hub           驾驶盘
9.     steering column             转向柱
10.     windshield               挡风玻璃
11.     dashboard               仪表盘，挡泥板
12.     atomizer                 喷雾器
13.     talc                   滑石
14.     lampblack               灯黑，灯烟
15.     acacia                 阿拉伯树胶，金合欢胶
16.     dragons blood             龙血树脂，麒麟血
17.     sparingly                 少量的，节约的
18.     novice                 新手，初学者
19.     cellulose tape             纤维带，指纹胶带
20.     lift                   提起，拿起。这里指取下指纹。
21.     molded impression           模性压痕
22.     visible impression           可见压痕
23.     pliable                 柔韧的，柔顺的
24.     smear                   搽上，涂污，弄得模糊不清

难句译注
1.     The basic premise in searching for latent prints is to examine more carefully those areas, which would most likely be touched by persons who have been on the scene.
[结构简析] 句子长是因为有两个定语从句：which 和who； which 修饰areas; who 修饰persons.
[参考译文] 搜寻潜手印的基本前提是：要非常仔细的检查那些最可能为曾到过现场的人所触摸的地方。
2.     If the fingermark does not disclose ridge detail when viewed under a reading glass, the chances are that its value in identification is nil when photographed.
[结构简析] 条件句，主从句中都有一个when +过去分词句型。第一个直接紧跟从句，第二个在主句的表语后面。译时根据其所在位置。
[参考译文] 假如指印在放大镜下观察时没有显露隆起部分的细节（不显露指纹纹理），那很可能，在摄影时其鉴别价值等于零。
3.     Where fingermarks are found, it will be necessary for the investigator to compare them against the ones of persons having legitimate access to the premises so that the traces might be eliminated as having evidentiary value if they prove to be from these persons.
[结构简析] 复合句，前面是主从句， where…it will be necessary, 从句so that 中又有一个条件句，if they …。
[参考译文] 如果发现了指印，检查人员就必须把发现的指印和有权进入房屋的人的指印作比较。如果指印证实是来自这些人的，那么作为证据价值的线索就可排除掉。
4.     A good black powder is composed of lampblack, graphite, and powdered acacia. Dragon’s blood is good powder for white surface and can be fixed on paper by heating. In developing latent prints, the accepted method is to use the powder sparingly and brush lightly. Do not use powder if the fingermark is visible under oblique lighting. It can be photographed. A good policy for the novice is to experiment with his own prints on a surface similar to the one he wishes to search in order to determine the powder best suited to the surface.
[结构简析] 句子长，因为表语中有形容词短语similar to , 而to 的宾语又有一个省略which的定从he wishes to search.. 此外副词短语in order to … 的宾语也有一个修饰的分词短语best suited.
[参考译文] 对新手来说，最好的办法就是用自己在类似于他想要搜索的表面上的指印作一个实验，以确定最适用于这种表面的粉末。

写作方法与文章大意
这是一篇介绍在犯罪现场搜寻“（潜）指印”的文章。采用平铺直叙步步深入的写作方式。头两段先介绍经常会有“潜指印”的地方是房子的出口和入口，汽车的后视镜，方向盘等。屋内光滑无孔的物体，如若接触就会留有潜指印，但粗糙物体的潜指印就没有价值，放大镜下不显现纹理的指印也无价值，就得看摄影显示决定。
接着，介绍运用白粉，黑粉轻拂扫，新鲜纤维带把潜手印取下的种种方法和步骤。
最后一段介绍了除潜手印外还有两种不能忽略的手印：模性和可见压痕及其形成和取证方法。

答案祥解
1.     C. 指印，不管哪一种。
A. 可见压痕。   B. 模性压痕。 C. 潜指印，都属于指印。所以最佳的标题应是指印。
2.     B. 三种指印，即：潜指印，模性和可见压痕。
3.     A. 潜指印。因为潜指印隐秘，又是作案人无意中留下不易为人发现和破坏。其价值性从文中第三段描写取潜指印可见一般。
B. 和C. 见第四段“一定不要忽略其它两种类型的指印痕：模性压痕和可见压痕的可能性”这说明这两种指印较少，特别是模性压痕是在相当柔软，柔韧或者塑性表面留下的，作案人一般都是小心翼翼的，不留下指印，更不太可能在这类东西上压上一个指痕。至于可见压痕，是手上沾了“血，油脂，脏土，油漆之类物品”留下。“一般来说，这种类型的指印都是模糊不清或者是污脏难分，比较之下它们对鉴定来说，没有足够细节证据。”   D. 清楚指印，没有这个专门名称。
4.     A. 两种。第三段第四句起“在显影指印时，公认的方法是用少许粉末，轻轻拂扫。如果指印在昏暗的灯光下可见，就可以摄影”，“指印轻扫后就用指纹胶带或商业专备材料把它们取下。这是一种专门设计用于取下和转移轻拂扫后的指印材料。”

Passage Thirty-one (The Causes of European Separation in 16th Century)
  For a thousand years and more, the people of Europe had fought about many things, but they had been united in believing one thing: that there existed a single “Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church” of which the Bishop of Rome, under the title of the Pope, was the visible and recognizable head in succession to St. Peter. But in 1517 a German monk, Martin Luther, challenged certain Catholic teachings and renounced his obedience to the papacy. Others had followed him, including Henry VIII.
  Thus Europe was divided in every which way, the southern and eastern two-thirds still Catholic, the northern and western one-third what was coming to be called Protestant, though English-ruled Ireland solidly Catholic and the Spanish-ruled Netherlands, particularly the northern part approximating to modern Holland, grew increasingly Protestant; while in virtually every country, whether officially Catholic or Protestant, those of the contrary faith fiercely attempted to convert their neighbors and equally fiercely resisted their neighbor’s attempts to convert them. For this there was no simple, friendly solution to be reached on the principle of live-and-let-live. Each party believed that it had hold of the truth, the only truth that mattered, the one that led to eternal salvation, and its adversaries clung to falsehood which must necessarily head to eternal damnation: not only for themselves but for all who should permit them to survive and infect others with their errors. Toleration, even reasonable discussion, was impossible. God and the devil could not mix. Just as Elizabeth was to ardent Catholics that Jezebel, so to earnest Protestants the Pope was “that wolfish bloodsucker,” and their Catholic fellow-creatures mad dogs, toads and other such vermin to be cleansed off the face of the earth.
These feelings, dangerous enough in themselves, were made more so by questions of geography and money. The Catholic countries bordering on the Mediterranean were by far the richest. From the beginning of the Middle Ages the Republic of Venice had controlled the trade routes to the East, bringing the wares carried out of Persia, China and the Indies by camel to her depots in Syria and reloading them in her high, gorgeously painted vessels for transshipment to Italy and beyond. Since the end of the fifteen century, first Portugal by sailing round Africa to India, then Spain by the discovery of America, had likewise been in a position to bring for sale to Europe all the rare and wonderful things for which Europe longed—silks and precious woods, sugar and spices, gold and silver, works of exquisite art and strange animals from peacock to tigers. In 1494, two years after Columbus’s first voyage to America, Pope Alexander VI had divided the unexplored world beyond the seas between Spain and Portugal as reward for their enterprise and to keep them from fighting. The other countries had respected this division so long as they remained Catholic.

1.     The best title for this passage is
[A]. The History of Europe in 16th Century.
. The Religious History of Europe in 16th Century.
[C]. The Causes of European Separation in 16th Century.
2.     What does we learn from the passage?
[A]. The Pope had the supreme power in religion before reform.
. The Pope had the greatest power in every thing outside religion.
[C]. The Pope was the real king in Europe then.
[D]. The Pope was the real ruler in Europe then.
3.     What did the sentence “The other countries had respected this division so long as they remained Catholic” imply?
[A]. It implied this division could not be respected long.
. It implied this division would not face a challenge.
[C]. It implied this division would be respected forever.
[D]. It implied the power of the Pope would never decline.
4.     Which of the following is not mentioned as a cause to deepen the dangerous feelings?
[A]. Money.       . Geology.       [C]. Religion.       [D]. Geography.

Vocabulary
1.     Apostolic                 罗马教皇的，使徒的
2.     in succession to             继承，接班
3.     Martin Luther             马丁•路德 1483——1546德国宗教改革家
4.     teachings                 教义
5.     renounce                 抛弃，摈弃，否认
6.     papacy                 罗马教皇职位/制度，这里指罗马教皇
7.     cling to                 坚持
8.     damnation               诅咒，永远的处罚
9.     bloodsucker               吸血鬼
10.     depot                   仓库，补给站
11.     gorgeous                 华丽的，灿烂的，辉煌的
12.     spice                   香料
13.     enterprise                 事业，业绩，功勋

难句译注
1.     Thus Europe was divided in every which way, the southern and eastern two-thirds still Catholic, the northern and western one-third what was coming to be called Protestant, though English-ruled Ireland solidly Catholic and the Spanish-ruled Netherlands, particularly the northern part approximating to modern Holland, grew increasingly Protestant; while in virtually every country, whether officially Catholic or Protestant, those of the contrary faith fiercely attempted to convert their neighbors and equally fiercely resisted their neighbor’s attempts to convert them.
[结构简析] every which way. 四面八方，散乱。这里指四分五裂。EX : Railroads cross the country in every which way. 铁路四通八达，纵横全国。
[参考译文] 就这样欧洲四分五裂：东南部2/3仍然是天主教，西北部1/3是后来被称为的基督教，虽然英国统治的爱尔兰是稳固的天主教，而西班牙统治的荷兰，特别是靠近现代荷兰的北部地区越来越变成基督教。事实上，在每个国家，不论官方声称是天主教还是基督教，相反信仰的人都拼命想把他的邻居变过来，也同样强烈的抵制他们的邻居企图把他们变过去。
2.     Each party believed that it had hold of the truth, the only truth that mattered, the one that led to eternal salvation, and its adversaries clung to falsehood which must necessarily head to eternal damnation: not only for themselves but for all who should permit them to survive and infect others with their errors.
[结构简析] believed 有两个宾语从句，用and连接。第一个宾语从句that it had hold of the truth中，the only… the one…都说明truth,是它的同位语。And 后的宾语从句省略了连词that，句中有定语从句which must 修饰falsehood，后面的who定从修饰all.
[参考译文] 每一派都认为他掌握了真理，唯一的至关重要的这里，通向永恒获救解脱，而它的对手（敌人）死抓住错误不放，这必然导致永恒的诅咒；不仅诅咒他们自己，还诅咒那些让他们生存下去，让他们错误感染别人的人。
3.     Just as Elizabeth was to ardent Catholics that Jezebel, so to earnest Protestants the Pope was “that wolfish bloodsucker,” and their Catholic fellow-creatures mad dogs, toads and other such vermin to be cleansed off the face of the earth.
[结构简析] 注意just as…so …句型，so 后是部分倒装。To cleanse off消减，清除出。Jezebel耶西别古代以色列国王亚哈的妻子，残忍淫荡。后指无耻放荡的女人，胭脂虎。这里指英国女王伊丽莎白。
[参考译文] 就像伊丽莎白女王对狂热的天主教徒来讲那是个耶西别；对基督教徒来说罗马教皇是那个残忍的吸血鬼。天主教徒是疯狗，蛤蟆，其他种种恶魔，应从地球表面上清除出去。

写作方法与文章大意
  这是一篇论述“宗教改革后的欧洲形势”的文章。（16世纪欧洲的情况）。作者从三方面论及其分裂的原由，欧洲在宗教改革后的信仰分裂，造成新旧教势不两立的局面，地理位置和金钱两个因素加剧了分裂的局面。

答案祥解
1.     D. 16世纪欧洲分裂的因素。上面文章大意中作者是从三方面论及其分裂。见难句译注1和第三段第一句：“这些情感，本身就危险，再加上地理和金钱两个问题，情况就更加不妙了。”
A. 欧洲史。 B. 欧洲宗教史。这两项涉及面更广。   C. 宗教改革对16世纪欧洲的影响。和标题有些接近。但第三段却是和宗教无关的两个因素。
2.     C. 在改革前，罗马教皇是欧洲真正的帝王。这在第一段中有明确的叙述“一千多年来，欧洲人们虽然在许多事情彼此斗争过，可是在信仰上团结一致，都信只有一个神圣的天主教和罗马教皇的教会。那里的罗马大主教，称为教皇，是继承圣•彼德之后有形的公认领袖。可是，1517年德国僧侣，马丁•路德向某些天主教教义提出挑衅，拒绝服从罗马教皇，其他追随他，其中包括亨利八世（英王）”。
A. 在改革前，罗马教皇在宗教上具有至高无上的权利。似乎很有道理。实际上，教皇虽是宗教领袖，管的事情远远超出宗教范畴。这在最后一段倒数第二句话可见一般。结合第三题谈。   B. 教皇在宗教之外的许多事情有着最高的权利。是明显不对的。   D. 教皇是那时欧洲的真正统治者。Then 一词可以指改革前后。
3.     A. 这种分割不可能长期得到尊重。最后一段的最后两句话“1494年，哥伦布首次远航美洲后的两年，教皇亚历山大六世就把这块大洋彼岸未曾勘探的世界分给西班牙和葡萄牙作为对他们业绩的褒奖（赏赐）和制止他们彼此开仗。其它国家只要他们依然信仰天主教，他们就会尊重这个瓜分。”as long as 是一个条件。一旦这个条件不存在，那就不会再尊重。另一方面也说明教皇不仅管宗教，见第2题A注释，因此并不正确。
B. 不会面临挑战。   C. 永远得到尊重。   D. 教皇权力永不衰退。
4.     B. 地质学。其他三项：
A. 钱。   C. 宗教。     D. 地理位置。都提到。

Passage Thirty-two (The Young Generation)
  Old people are always saying that the young are not what they were. The same comment is made from generation to generation and it is always true. It has never been truer than it is today. The young are better educated. They have a lot more money to spend and enjoy more freedom. They grow up more quickly and are not so dependent on their parents. They think more for themselves and do not blindly accept the ideals of their elders. Events which the older generation remembers vividly are nothing more than past history. This is as it should be. Every new generation is different from the one that preceded it. Today the difference is very marked indeed.
  The old always assume that they know best for the simple reason that they have been around a bit longer. They don’t like to feel that their values are being questioned or threatened. And this is precisely what the young are doing. They are question the assumptions of their elders and disturbing their complacency. Office hours, for instance, are nothing more than enforced slavery. Wouldn’t people work best if they were given complete freedom and responsibility? And what about clothing? Who said that all the men in the world should wear drab grey suits and convict haircuts? If we ruin our minds to more serious matters, who said that human differences can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means, who said that human difference can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Why have the older generation so often used violence to solve their problems? Why are they so unhappy and guilt-ridden in their personal lives, so obsessed with mean ambitions and the desire to amass more and more material possessions? Can anything be right with the rat-race? Haven’t the old lost touch with all that is important in life?
  These are not questions the older generation can shrug off lightly. Their record over the past forty years or so hasn’t been exactly spotless. Traditionally, the young have turned to their elders for guidance. Today, the situation might be reversed. The old—if they are prepared to admit it—could learn a thing or two from their children. One of the biggest lessons they could learn is that enjoyment is not ‘sinful’. Enjoyment is a principle one could apply to all aspects of life. It is surely not wrong to enjoy your work and enjoy your leisure; to shed restricting inhibitions. It is surely not wrong to live in the present rather than in the past or future. This emphasis on the present is only to be expected because the young have grown up under the shadow of the bomb: the constant threat of complete annihilation. This is their glorious heritage. Can we be surprised that they should so often question the sanity of the generation that bequeathed it?

1.     Which of the following features in the young is NOT mentioned?
[A]. Better educated.         . More money and freedom.
[C]. Independence.           [D]. Hard work.
2.     What so the young reject most?
[A]. Values.             . The assumption of the elders.
[C]. Conformity.           [C]. Conventional ideas.
3.     Why do the young stress on the present?
[A]. They have grown up under the shadow of the bomb.
. They dislike the past.
[C]. They think the present world is the best.
[D]. They are afraid of destruction.
4.     What can the old learn from the young generation?
[A]. Enjoyment is not sinful.           . People should have more leisure time.
[C]. Men might enjoy life.           [D]. One should enjoy one’s work.

Vocabulary
1.     reminder               使共回想起某事的东西，提示者
2.     complacency             自鸣得意，自满情结
3.     take leave               擅自，任意，随意
      I took leave to consider this matter settled.   请原谅我认为这事已经解决了。
4.     conformity               与……一致，遵从
5.     guilt                   有罪，内疚
6.     ridden                 （ride 的过去分词）受……支配的，受……压迫
7.     guilt-ridden               负罪感
8.     amass                 积累，积聚
9.     a rat-race               激烈的竞争
10.     shrug off                 对……耸肩表示不屑一理，轻视，摆脱
11.     spotless                 无污点的，纯洁的
12.     shed                   摆脱，抛弃
13.     annihilate               歼灭
14.     bequeath                 赠送，把……传给后代
15.     sanity                 头脑清醒健全

难句译注
1.     convict haircut. Convict 义：罪犯。罪犯和短发两字合在一起为“囚犯理的发式”。但在这里其含义根据上下文决定。前面讲到“谁说世界上所有的男人都应穿浅灰色的西装”，后面只能译成“剪成像罪犯似的短发呢”。本义有haircut义：修理整齐的短发。整齐划一表示绅士派的工作人中作风正派，认真负责，一丝不苟的精神。作者用了convict罪犯一字表示讽刺：“罪犯也是整齐划一的短发跟绅士们的要求一样，难道他们也是作风正派，认真负责，一丝不苟吗？”

写作方法与文章大意
这是一篇论及“代沟”的文章。主要采用对比手法，一开始就提出了一个老问题：“老人们经常说年轻人不是从前那样了。这一评语代代相传，永远是对的，而今天比以前任何时候更正确。”下面几段就论述他们之不同点以及对比老少两代人的态度。

答案祥解
1.     D. 艰苦工作。这在第一段中第四句“青年一代受了更好教育，有大量的钱话，有更多的自由。他们成长的很快，不那么依赖于父母，他们独立思考得更多，不盲目接受老一代的理想……。”
A. 受更好的教育。     B. 更多的钱和自由。     C. 独立性。这三项均提及到。
2.     C. 顺从。第二段集中讲到这一点。“因为老人们经常认为自己懂得多，理由就是他们经历得多。他们不喜欢自己的价值观受到怀疑或威胁。而这正是青年在做的。他们对老人们的设想提出疑问，打乱他们的自鸣得意。他们甚至敢于怀疑老一代创造了世界上可能最佳的社会。他们最反对的莫过于顺从。例如：他们说办公时间就是强制奴役，如果人们完全自由，绝对负责，他们的工作不会更好吗？而穿衣呢？谁说世界上所有的男人都该穿单调的灰色西装和剪成像罪犯似的短发？……。”这些词语都表示他们最反对的东西是遵从，“一致性”。所以
A. 价值。     B. 长者的设想。     D. 传统习俗观念。都是具体的某一点。
3.     A. 他们在炸弹的阴影下成长。第三段倒数第四句起“由于年轻人是在炸弹战争的阴影下成长壮大：在不断受到全面歼灭的威胁之下，所以也只能期望他们重视目前。这是他们的光荣遗产。他们经常询问赠给他们遗产的这代人的头脑是否清醒。对此我们能表示惊讶吗？”遗产指的是第二段的种种问题所体现出来的东西，如：“谁说人类之差异能通过常规政策或暴力手段予以很好的解决？为什么老一代人常用暴力来解决他们的问题？为什么他们（老一代）个人生活那么不愉快。老有负罪感？为什么老纠缠于要积聚越来越多的物质财富？……。”
B. 他们不喜欢过去。     C. 他们认为现世界是最好的。     D. 他们害怕破坏。
4.     A. 享受不是犯罪。这在第三段中间“老年人——如果他们准备承认的话——可以从他们的孩子们那里学到一两件事。他们能学的最大的课堂之一是享受不是犯罪。”“享受”是人可适用于生活各个方面的原则。从工作中获得乐处，享受闲暇时间，肯定不是错误。抛弃约束限制，生活在现在而不是生活在过去肯定也不是错。
B. 人们应有更多的闲暇。   C. 人可以享受生活。   D. 一个人应当享受工作。

Passage Thirty-three (Importance of a Computer)
  As citizens of advanced but vulnerable economies, we must either relentlessly increase the quality of our skills or see our standard of living erode. For the future, competition between nations will be increasingly based on technological skill. Oil and natural resources will still be important, but they no longer will determine a nation’s economic strength. This will now be a matter of the way people organize them selves and the nature and quality of their work. Japan and the “new Japans “of East Asia are demonstrating this point in ways that are becoming painfully obvious to the older industrial countries.
  There is simply no way to rest on our past achievements. Today’s competition renders obsolete huge chunks of what we know and what forces us to innovate. For each individual. Several careers will be customary, and continuing education and retraining will be inescapable. To attain this extraordinary level of education, government, business, schools, and even individuals will turn to technology for the answer.
  In industry, processing the information and designing the changes necessary to keep up with the market has meant the growing use of computers. The schools are now following close behind. Already some colleges in the United States are requiting a computer for each student. It is estimated that 500,000 computers are already in use in American high schools and elementary schools. Although there is an abysmal lack of educational software, the number of computers in schools expands rapidly.
  The computer is the Proteus of machines, as it takes on a thousand forms and serves a thousand functions. But its truly revolutionary character can be seen in its interactive potential. With advanced computers, learning can be individualized and self-paced. Teachers can become more productive and the entire learning environment enriched.
  It is striking how much current teaching is a product of pencil and paper technology. With the computer’s capacity for simulation and diverse kinds of feedback, all sorts of new possibilities open up for the redesign of curriculums. Seymour Papert, the inventor of the computer language LOGO, believes that concepts in physics and advanced mathematics can be taught in the early grades with the use of computers. On every-day level, word-processing significantly improves the capacity for written expression. In terms of drill and practice, self-paced computer-assisted instruction enables the student to advance rapidly—without being limited by the conflicting needs of the entire class. In short, once we learn to use this new brain outside the brain, education will never be the same.
Industry, faced with the pressures of a rapidly shifting market, is already designing new methods to retrain its workers, In the United States, a technological university has been set up to teach engineering courses by satellite. And the advances in telecommunications and computational power will dramatically expand the opportunities for national and international efforts in education and training.
Without romanticizing the machine, it is clear that computers uniquely change the potential for equipping today’s citizens for unprecedented tasks of the future. Particularly in Europe and the United States, innovation will be the basis for continued prosperity. New competitors are emerging to challenge the old economic arrangements. How successfully we respond will depend on how much we invest in people and how wisely we employ the learning tools of the new technology.

1.     What is the decisive factor in future competition between nations?
[A]. Oil.                   . Technological skill.
[C]. Natural resources           [D] Education
2.     The main idea of this passage is
[A]. Knowledge of a Computer.       . Importance of a Computer.
[C]. Function of Knowledge.         [C]. Function of Technology.
3.     Why does further study become indispensable?
[A]. People want to so more jobs.
. People want to attain this extraordinary level of education.
[C]. People would not rest on the past achievements.
[D]. What we know becomes obsolete.
4.     The word “Proteus” is closest in meaning to
[A]. flexibility.     . diversity.     [C]. variety.       [D]. multiplicity.

Vocabulary
1.     relentlessly               始终不懈的
2.     obsolete                 过时的，大量的，绝大部分的
3.     chunk                   大块，大量的，绝大部分
4.     abysmal                 无底的，极端的
5.     Proteus             希腊神话中海神，能随意变化。这里指flexible, 灵活多变
6.     take on                 显现，显示
7.     LOGO=logotyre             标识语，作为标志的语言
8.     rapidly shifting             瞬息万变的
9.     romanticizing             使浪漫化，使幻想化

难句译注
1.     With the computer’s capacity for simulation and diverse kinds of feedback, all sorts of new possibilities open up for the redesign of curriculums.
[参考译文] 由于计算机能进行模拟和提供各种反馈，它就为从新设计学校的课程开辟了各种新的可能性。
2.     In terms of drill and practice, self-paced computer-assisted instruction enables the student to advance rapidly—without being limited by the conflicting needs of the entire class.
[结构简析] 句子结构为主谓宾补，前后各用一个介词（短语），前in term of , 后without
[参考译文] 就练习和实践来讲，借助自行规定速度的计算机辅助的指令使学生突飞猛进而不受全班互相矛盾的需要所限制。
3.     Without romanticizing the machine, it is clear that computers uniquely change the potential for equipping today’s citizens for unprecedented tasks of the future.
[结构简析] 逻辑主语句。句前有一状语成分，without +分词+名词的句型。
[参考译文] 不必用浪漫主义的手法来形容计算机，我们可清楚看到，它是独一无二的改变今天公民的潜力，使他们能承担未来的史无前例的任务。

写作方法与文章大意
文章论述了“计算机的重要性”，采用一般到具体写作手法。一开始就提出：‘作为经济上先进而又脆弱的公民，必须始终不懈地提高技术素质，否则生活水平就会下降。因为未来国际竞争取决于技术，一切部门必须迎合这一要求。具体到工业和学校必须使用计算机。重点在学校，因为它是培训新人才的基地。所以三，四，五，七段涉及计算机在学校的种种功能。最后的结论：人才和计算机是决定性因素。

答案祥解
1.     B. 工艺技术。这在第一段就讲到“在未来，国与国之间的竞争越来越以工艺技术为基础。尽管石油和其他自然资源仍很重要，但它们不会再对一个国家的经济实力起决定性的作用。”
A. 石油。     C. 自然资源，这两项不是决定性因素。     D. 教育。文内教育作为改革的一个方面，其重点是在学校内应用计算机，来改变教学质量，达到革新人才的目的。并不是直接参与竞争。可参看第2题的答案及译注。
2.     B. 计算机的重要性。整篇文章都显示了这一点。第三段“工业上，信息处理和制定必要的改革计划以适应市场需要意味着越来越多使用计算机。学校紧跟工业之后……”第四段“计算机是一种变化多端，神通广大的机器，因为它显示千种图象，发挥千种功能。而它的真正的革命性可在其相互作用的潜能中看出。有了先进的计算机，学习可以个别进行，速度自行规定。教师变得更有成效……。”第五段“……由于利用计算机，在学校低年级就能教授物理学和高等数学概念……。”最后一段画龙点睛地指出：“计算机独一无二地改变着那种今天公民能担当未来空前任务的潜能……新的竞争对手正在崛起，自由的经济布局提出挑战。我们如何才能顺利的应战，取决于我们对人的投资的多寡，取决于我们怎么聪慧地应用新技术的学习工具。”所以
A. 计算机知识。       C. 知识的功能。       D. 技术功能，这三项只是计算机重要性中涉及到的一个方面，不能作为中心思想。
3.     D. 因为我们知道的一切变得陈旧。第二段头几句话“我们决不能吃老本，当今的竞争使我们的大部分知识变得陈旧，非加以革新不可。对每个人来说，他们将惯常从事某几种职业，并且非继续学习进修和从新接受训练不可……。”都说明进修学习的原因。
A. 人们要做更多工作。文内没有提到。       B. 人们要到达非同一般的教育水平。这是目的，不是原因。       C. 人们不能吃老本。这话并没有完全讲清楚全部原因。
4.     A. 灵活多变。 Proteus 一词，原义是指希腊神话中变幻无常的海神，普罗狄斯，他可以随心所欲边成各种形状。这里指灵活多变。

Passage Thirty-four
(The Relationship between Brain Process with Mental Experience)
  By 1950, the results of attempts to relate brain processes to mental experience appeared rather discouraging. Such variations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.
  Near the turn of the century, it had been suggested by Hering that different modes of sensation, such as pain, taste and color, might be correlated with the discharge of specific kinds of nervous energy, However, subsequently developed methods of recording and analyzing nerve potentials failed to reveal any such qualitative diversity. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types; however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its conduction was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits. Although qualitative variance among nerve rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view, namely, that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as “common currency” throughout the nervous system. According to this theory, it is not the quality of the sensory nerve impulses that determines the diverse conscious sensations they produce, but, rather, the different areas of the brain into which they discharge, and there is some evidence for this view. In one experiment, when an electric stimulus was applied to a given sensory field of the cerebral cortex of a conscious human subject, it produced a sensation of the appropriate modality for that particular locus, that is, a visual sensation from the visual cortex, an auditory sensation from the auditory cortex, and so on. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as for as psychoneural correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.
However, cortical as diverse as those of red, black, green and white, or touch, cold, warmth, movement, pain, posture and pressure apparently may arise through activation of the same cortical areas. What seemed to remain was some kind of differential patterning effects in the brain excitation: it is the difference in the central distribution of impulses that counts. In short, Brain theory suggested a correlation between mental experience and the activity of relatively homogenous nerve-cell units conducting essentially homogeneous impulses through homogeneous cerebral tissue. To match the multiple dimensions of mental experience psychologists could only point to a limitless variation in the spatiotemporal patterning of nerve impulses.


1.     Up until 1950, efforts to establish that brain processes and mental experience are related would most likely have been met with
[A]. vexation.     . irritability.     [C]. discouragement     [D]. neutrality
2.     The author mentions “common currency” primarily in order to emphasize the
[A]. lack of differentiation among nerve impulses in human beings.
. similarities in the views of the scientists.
[C]. similarity of sensations of human beings.
[D]. continuous passage of nerve impulses through the nervous system.
3.     Which of the following theories is reinforced by the depiction of the experiment in lines 16—19?
[A]. Cognitive experience manifested by sensory nerve impulses are influenced by the area of the brain stimulated.
. Qualitative diversity in nerve potentials can now be studied more accurately.
[C]. Sensory stimuli are heterogeneous and are greatly influenced by the nerve sensors they produce.
[D]. Differentiation in neural modalities influences the length of nerve transmissions.
4.     It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following exhibit the LEAST qualitative variation?
[A]. Nerve cells.             . Nerve impulses.
[C]. Cortical areas.           [C]. Spatial patterns of nerve impulses.

Vocabulary
1.     mental experiences             精神感受
2.     discharge                   释放
3.     negligible                   微小的，可以忽略不计的
4.     manifold                   多种多样的，多方面
5.     neuron                     神经元/细胞
6.     neural                     （中枢）神经的（系统）
7.     qualitative diversity             质的多样性，量变的
8.     disprove                   反驳，反证
9.     homogeneous                 相似的
10.     sensory nerve                 感觉神经
11.     cortical                     外皮的，皮质的
12.     cerebral cortex                 大脑皮层
13.     locus                     地点，区域
14.     psychoneural                 精神神经
15.     heterogeneous                 异源的，异种的，异体的
16.     spatiotenporal                 时空的

难句译注
1.     Such variations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.
[结构分析] 句型为such…as 可as 具有关系代词作用，此处作从句中had been demonstrated 的主语。
[参考译文] 神经细胞中所显示的诸如在尺寸，形状，化学，神经脉冲中传导速度，激发界限等方面的那种变化差异对多方面的精神感受可能有联系来说仍然意义不大。
2.     It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types; however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its conduction was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits.
[参考译文] 有可能用其他办法来显示神经类型之间细微的结构差异。可是，缺乏证据证实脉冲的或者其脉冲传导的质量受这些差别的影响。相反，这种质量看起来它却影响了中枢神经循环的进展模式。
3.     In one experiment, when an electric stimulus was applied to a given sensory field of the cerebral cortex of a conscious human subject, it produced a sensation of the appropriate modality for that particular locus, that is, a visual sensation from the visual cortex, an auditory sensation from the auditory cortex, and so on.
[结构分析] 主从句。后面跟解释性同位语：that is ……。
[参考译文] 在一个实验中，当电刺激作用于有意识的人体大脑皮层的某个感觉部位，它对这个特定部位产生一种恰如其分的感觉道，也就是说，视觉来自视觉皮层，听觉来自听皮层，以此类推。
4.     Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as for as psychoneural correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.
[参考译文] 其他实验揭示了神经细胞在尺寸，数目，排列和相互联结上的细微变化。可是，就精神神经相互关系而论，这些感觉部位相互之间明显的相似性似乎比任何细微差异更为明显多。
5.     In short, Brain theory suggested a correlation between mental experience and the activity of relatively homogenous nerve-cell units conducting essentially homogeneous impulses through homogeneous cerebral tissue.
[参考译文] 总之，大脑理论说明精神感觉和相对相似的神经细胞单位的活动有关系。这种活动通过相似的大脑皮层组织传导的基本相似的脉冲。

写作方法与文章大意
  文章是对“大脑神经活动和精神感受关系的探讨。”采用时空写法。先从1950年，探索两者关系的结果令人沮丧谈起。在临近本世纪转折时期，由赫林提出的不同的感觉态可能和某种神经能量有关。经过一系列理论和经验探索，最后得出大脑理论说明神经感受和相对相似的神经细胞单位活动有关的结论。这是一种通过相似的大脑结构引导相似脉冲的活动。

答案祥解
1.     C. 令人失望。答案见文章的第一句话“到了1950年，大脑活动过程和精神感受有关系的实验结果看起来令人沮丧。”
A. 令人恼火。   B. 激怒。     D. 中立。   均不对。
2.     A. 在人的神经脉冲中缺少变异（差别）。Common currency 本义是一般通用。这里的上下问决定了它的含义“无变异脉冲（普通脉冲）”。第二段“虽然神经能量中的质变理论从没有受到严厉的驳斥，但这一学说被普遍放弃，而赞成其对立的观点；那就是：神经脉冲在质量沙锅内基本相似，并作为无变异脉冲（普通脉冲）经神经系统传送。”所以普通脉冲就是指神经脉冲无变异，在质量上基本相似。
B. 科学家观点上的相似性。   C. 人类感觉相似性。     D.   神经脉冲连续不断通过神经系统。这三项和common currency 无关。
3.     A. 受刺激的大脑部位影响感觉神经脉冲所显示的认知感受。在第二道题译文下面“根据这一理论，不是感觉神经脉冲的质量决定它们所产生的各种有意识的感觉。而是由脉冲在大脑中释放的不同部位决定，并且有证据证明这一论点。”见难句译注3。
B. 现在对神经潜力的质量变化可以进行更精彩的研究。       C. 感官刺激是异源的，并深受它们所产生的神经感觉（感受器）的影响。     D. 神经形态上的差异影响神经传递长度。
4.     B. 神经脉冲。这在第2题答案A中译注（即第二段）已有明确的答复。“神经脉冲在质量上基本相似……。”
A. 神经细胞。见难句译注2，“有可能用其他办法来显示神经细胞类型之间细微的结构差异。”     C. 外皮区域（部位）。     D. 神经脉冲空间模式。见难句译注5和本文最后一句“为了和精神感受多样性吻合，心理学家只能指明神经脉冲时空模式上的无限差异。”这说明，它不是 “Least qualitative variation.”

Passage Thirty-five (Exploration on the Origin of Continents)
  The origin of continental nuclei has long been a puzzle. Theories advanced so far have generally failed to explain the first step in continent growth, or have been subject to serious objections. It is the purpose of this article to examine the possible role of the impact of large meteorites or asteroids in the production of continental nuclei. Unfortunately, the geological evolution of the Earth’s surface has had an obliterating effect on the original composition and structure of the continents to such an extent that further terrestrial investigations have small chance of arriving at an unambiguous answer to the question of continental origin. Paradoxically, clues to the origin and early history of the surface features of the Earth may be found on the Moon and planets, rather than on the Earth, because some of these bodies appear to have had a much less active geological history. As a result, relatively primitive surface features are preserved for study and analysis. In the case of both the Moon and Mars, it is generally concluded from the appearance of their heavily cratered surfaces that they have been subjected to bombardment by large meteoroids during their geological history. Likewise, it would appear a reasonable hypothesis that the Earth has also been subjected to meteoroid bombardment in the past, and that very large bodies struck the Earth early in its geological history.
  The large crater on the Moon listed by Baldwin has a diameter of 285 km. However, if we accept the hypotheses of formation of some of the mare basins by impact, the maximum lunar impact crater diameter is probably as large as 650km. Based on a lunar analogy, one might expect several impact craters of at least 500km diameter to have been formed on Earth. By applying Baldwin’s equation, the depth of such a crater should be about 20km. Baldwin admits that his equation gives excessive depths for large craters so that the actual depth should be somewhat smaller. Based on the measured depth of smaller lunar crater. Baldwin’s equation gives the depth of the zone of brecciation for such a crater as about 75km. The plasticity of the Earth’s mantle at the depth makes it impossible to speak of “bracciation” in the usual sense. However, local stresses may be temporarily sustained at that depth, as shown by the existence of deep-focus earthquakes. Thus, short-term effects might be expected to a depth of more than 50km in the mantle.
Even without knowing the precise effects, there is little doubt that the formation of a 500-km crater would be a major geological event. Numerous authors have considered the geological implications of such an event. Donn et al. have, for example, called on the impact of continent-size bodies of sialic composition to from the original continents. Two major difficulties inherent in this concept are the lack of any known sialic meteorites, and the high probability that the energy of impact would result in a wide dissemination of sialic material, rather than its concentration at the point of impact.
Gilvarry, on the other hand, called on meteoroid impact to explain the production of ocean basins. The major difficulties with this model are that the morphology of most of the ocean basins is not consistent with impact, and that the origin and growth of continents is not adequately explained.
We agree with Donn at al. that the impact of large meteorites or asteroids may have caused continent formation, but would rather think in terms of the localized addition of energy to the system, rather than in terms of the addition of actual sialic material.

1.     A mare basin is
[A]. a formula for determining the relationship between the depth and width of craters.
. a valley that is filled in when a spatial body has impact with the moon or the earth.
[C]. a planetoid (small planet) created when a meteorite, upon striking the moon, breaks off a part of the moon.
[D]. a dark spot on the moon, once supposed to be a sea, now a plain.
2.     The writer does not believe that
[A]. an asteroid is larger than a meteorite.
. material from space, upon hitting the earth, was eventually distributed.
[C]. the earth, at one time, had craters.
[D]. ocean were formerly craters.
3.     The article is primarily concerned with
[A]. the origin of continents.
. the relationship between astral phenomena and the moon.
[C]. differences of opinion among authoritative geologists.
[D]. the relationship between asteroids and meteorites.
4.     Sialic material refers to
[A]. the broken rock resulting from the impact of a meteorite against the earth.
. material that exists on planets other than the earth.
[C]. a composite of rock typical of continental areas of the earth.
[D. material that is man-made to simulate materials that existed far back in geological history.

Vocabulary
1.     meteorit                 陨石，陨星
2.     asteroid                 （火星和木星轨道间）小行星
3.     obliterate                 除去，消减……痕迹
4.     crater                   火山口，陨石坑
5.     mare                   海，（也指月亮，火星上的）阴暗区
6.     impact                   撞击
7.     impact crater               陨石坑，撞击火山
8.     brecciate                 合成角砾岩
      the zone of brecciation       角砾岩地带
9.     mantle                   地幔
10.     stress                   应力
    local stress           局部（本身）应力
11.     sialic                   硅铝的
12.     probability                 概率，可能性
13.     disseminate               传播，分散，浸染
14.     morphology               组织，结构，形态（学）
15.     astral                   星（星状体）的

难句译注
1.     Unfortunately, the geological evolution of the Earth’s surface has had an obliterating effect on the original composition and structure of the continents to such an extent that further terrestrial investigations have small chance of arriving at an unambiguous answer to the question of continental origin.
[结构简析] 句中用such…that 句型。
[参考译文] 遗憾的是，地球表面的地质变化对大陆原始结构和组成起了抹煞的作用。这种消除作用达到了这种程度，使进一步的大陆的研究工作很难对大陆起源问题去得明确的答案。
2.     In the case of both the Moon and Mars. It is generally concluded from the appearance of their heavily cratered surfaces that they have been subjected to bombardment by large meteoroids during their geological history.
[结构简析] in the case of 就……说，至于……，论到。
[参考译文] 拿月亮和火星来说，一般都从它们表面严重的陨石坑得出结论：它们在其地质进化过程中遭到过巨大的陨星的撞击。
3.     Two major difficulties inherent in this concept are the lack of any known sialic meteorites, and the high probability that the energy of impact would result in a wide dissemination of sialic material, rather than its concentration at the point of impact.
[结构简析] that clause 是high probability 的说明同位语。
[参考译文] 这一概念本身固有的两大难点是缺乏任何已知的硅铝陨石和下列现象的高概率：即撞击的能量会导致硅铝材料广泛分散，而不是集中于撞击点上。

写作方法与文章大意
  文章一开始就说明了此文论述“大陆核生成过程中大的陨星的撞击作用。”由于地球表面地质进化抹去了大陆原始结构和组成的痕迹，只好由月亮和火星作为研究对象来说明地球。从三方面来论述：一是鲍德温的方程式，深度和宽度；二是硅铝组成；三是海洋盆地。最后结论。

答案祥解
1.     D. 是月球上的一个黑点，一度认识是海，现在知道是平原。Mare basin海盆地。词义本身说明D项对。另一方面，第二段开始提及“鲍德温所列出的月球上最大的陨石坑直径为285公里。可是，如果我们接受了某些由于撞击而形成海盆地的结构假设，那么月球上最大陨石坑的直径可能有650公里大。”这里都说mare basin指的是月球上陨石坑。这就排除了A,B,C三个选项。
A. 是测定陨石坑深度和宽度的公式。     B. 当某一天体或地球撞击时填入的深谷。     C. 当陨星撞击月亮时，撞掉的部分月亮而形成小星体。
2.     D. 海洋是原来的陨石坑。倒数第二段“另一方面，Gilvarry 用陨星撞击来解释海洋盆地的形成。这一模式的最大困难在于大多数海洋盆地结构和撞击情况不符。”
A. 小行星大于陨星。       B. 来自太空的材料，在撞击地球时，均匀分布。     C. 地球一度有过陨石坑。这三项明显不对， 谈不上相信不相信。
3.     A. 大陆起源。这在文章一开始就点明“大陆核起源长期以来一直是个谜。进展到现在的理论一般都不能说明大陆生长的第一步情况，或者遭到严厉的反对。这篇文章的目的就是要研究大陨星或小行星的撞击在地球核生成中可能起的作用。”另见难句译注1。
B. 星际现象和月球的关系。     C. 权威地质学家意见分歧。     D. 小行星和陨星之间的关系。
4.     C. 地球大陆地区特有的岩石构成。第三段第三句：“举例说，Donn et al.提出大陆区域大小的，硅铝结构的天体撞击形成最初的大陆块的设想。”其它见难句译注3。
A. 由于陨星撞击地球形成破碎的岩石。     B. 存在于地球之外其它星球的材料。     C. 人造材料模拟存在于遥远地质史上的材料。三项文内都没有提到。