各专业词汇大全

水网一号

果然是大全，７７辛苦了！

77鲜

还没有完,晚上我再全部发完哦.

77鲜

R - radial reductions Method of reducing a tariff structure whereby at each stage all tariffs are reduced to an equal fraction of their previous levels. 辐射状减税 一种降低关税或费率结构的方法，即每一阶段所 有税率都在以前的水平上按同一比例降低。 radiative forcing Changes in the climate due to changes in solar radiation. Solar sunspots and the greenhouse effect are examples. 辐射驱动 由于太阳辐射的变化而导致的气候变化，例如太 阳黑子变化和温室效应。 rained agriculture* 靠雨水浇灌的农业，旱地农业 rainfed 雨水灌溉 rain forest 热带雨林 raise, to (funds, etc.) 筹集(资金等) random sample 随机抽样样本 rangeland 牧场 range management 牧场管理 rank correlation coefficient 等级相关系数 见Spearman's rank correlation coefficient ratchet effect The idea that at the beginning of a recession consumers try to maintain the same level of spending and investment. 棘轮效应 指在经济衰退的初期，消费者和投资者试图保持 同以前一样的消费和投资水平。 ratcheting up 逐步上涨 rate basis conversion Option in IFC loan that allows the borrower to convert from a variable rate to a fixed rate loan or vice versa. 利率基础转换 国际金融公司贷款的一种利率选择，它允许借款 人把可变利率转换成固定利率，反之亦然。 rate contract A contract for the supply of goods at specified rates during the period of the contract. 价格（费率）合同 一种规定在合同期内按照确定的价格供应货物 的合同。 rate of exchange 汇率 见buying rate of exchanges rate of natural increase [animals] * 自然增长率[动物] rate of pure time preference The interest rate at which consumers are willing to forgo present consumption in order to save, presumably for future consumption. 纯时间选择利率 使消费者愿意放弃现时的消费，将资金储蓄起来 以待将来消费的利率。 rate of return 收益率，利润率 rated capacity 额定容量，额定功率 rating agency Organization that evaluates the credit rating of prospective borrowers on the securities markets. 评级机构 评定证券市场上预期借款人资信等级的机构。 ratio 比率 见accounting ratio; acid-test ratio; affordability ratio; Bruno ratio; capital-labor ratio; capital-output ratio; capital-service ratio; cost-benefit ratio; current ratio; debt-equity ratio; debt-to-capital ratio; debt-to-equity ratio; debt ratio; debt-service ratio; dependency ratio; enrollment ratio; entrepreneurial benefit-cost ratio; equity ratio; feed conversion ratio; fill ratio; financial ratios; gearing ratio; grade ratio; gross (primary) enrollment ratio; housing expenses/income ratio; import coverage ratio; incremental capital-output ratio; input-output ratio; interest coverage ratio; interest service ratio; land equivalent, equivalency ratio; land use ratio; leverage (ratio); liquidity ratio; liquid ratio; long-term debt ratio; minimum cash ratio; modified Bruno ratio; net energy ratio; operating ratio; price-earning ratio; private benefit-cost ratio; pupil-teacher ratio; quick ratio; reserve ratio; risk asset ratio; smoothness ratio; staffing ratio; stripping ratio; tax/GDP ratio; tax performance ratio; tax ratio; teacher-pupil ratio; volatility ratio; working capital ratio; working ratio rational expectations A theory based, first, on the assumption that individuals and companies will try to maximize their own welfare -- that is, they will try to make their own economic and other circumstances as desirable as possible -- and, second, that, as individuals and companies make economic decisions in their own interest, they do so in such a way that markets move towards equilibrium, easing inflation. 理性预期 一种理论，其根据是，首先假定个人和公司试图 使他们的利益最大化，即试图使他们自己的经济 环境和其他环境尽可能合乎理想；其次假定个人 和公司会按他们自己的利益作出经济决策，也会 按他们自己的利益使市场走向均衡、通货膨胀得 到缓和。

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raw data 原始数据，素材 raw water 生水，未经净化的水 reafforestation; reforestation 重新造林；再造林 real assets 实物资产，不动产 real effective exchange rate Nominal effective foreign exchange value of the dollar (a trade-weighted exchange rate) multiplied by the ratio of the US consumer price index to the foreign consumer price index. Below 100 the dollar depreciates in real terms; above 100 it appreciates in real terms. 实际有效汇率 用美元的名义有效外汇价值（一种贸易加权汇 率）乘以美国消费价格指数对外国消费价格指数 的比率。如计算结果为100以下，美元属实际贬 值；如结果在100以上则为实际升值。 real estate developer 房地产建筑商 real estate equity 不动产股本 real sectors The nonfinancial sector. 实际部门 指非金融部门。 real terms, in 按不变价格 realized price [oil] The price actually obtained on the world market for sales concluded. 实现价格[石油] 指在世界市场进行销售获得的实际价格。 rebar [= reinforcing bar] Bar used for reinforcing concrete. 钢筋 钢筋混凝土中使用的钢筋。 recall [MOV] 回收（货币）[保值] recall installments [MOV] 分期回收（货币）[保值] recall under loans [MOV] 贷款项下的（货币）回收[保值] recapture clause Clause in a loan agreement that allows a lender to recover part or all of his previously lent assets if economic circumstances improve. 收回条款 指贷款协议中的一项条款：允许贷款人在经济情 况改善时收回他的部分或全部借出资产。 recasting (e.g. a loan) * 重新计算（一笔贷款） receivables; accounts receivables 应收款，应收帐目 received energy 接收能量 recession 衰退 recession crop Crop planted on land which has recently been flooded. 灾后抢种作物 在遭受水灾后的土地上补种的作物。 recession, recessive cultivation Cultivation in an area where the amount of land available for cultivations is being reduced due, e.g. to desertification. 后退式耕作 在可耕种的土地不断缩减（如沙漠化所引起）的 地域进行的耕作。 recipient country 受援国，接受国

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reciprocal debt 互惠债务 recital of an agreement; preamble to an agreement 协议序言，协议的陈述部分 reclaim 开垦 reclamation 开荒，垦荒 见land reclamation recognition and enforcement (of award) [ICSID] (对于裁决的)承认和执行[解决投资争端国际中 心] recommendation domain 建议适用的范围 reconciliation account Account which shows any difference between two or more accounts. 调节帐户 表明两个或两个以上更多帐户之间任何差额的 帐户。 reconciliation item [accounting] Item in account that reconciles the differences between two or more accounts. 调节科目[会计] 用于对两个或更多帐户之间的差额进行调节的 会计科目。 reconcile 调节，对帐，轧平 reconnaissance survey 先头调查 reconstitution Immediate conversion of interest payments received in a currency other than a pool currency into a pool currency. 立即转换 把作为利息收到的某一种货币（不是总库制内的 货币）立即转换成总库货币。 reconstruction import credit - RIC 建设用进口信贷（简写为RIC） record owner A person who has title to a property, though not necessarily beneficial use of it. 记录中的所有人 对财产拥有权利，但不一定以其获取利益的人。 参见beneficial owner recoupment [insurance] 赔偿，补偿[保险] recovery 复苏，恢复，回收，回采 recurrent costs, expenditures Costs for items consumed immediately or used up in a comparatively short period, usually a year. 经常性费用，经常性成本 指即时消费掉的东西的费用，或在较短的时间内 （通常是一年）使用掉的东西的费用。 recurrent education; lifelong education; continuing education 再教育；终身教育；继续教育 recycling (of capital) （资本的）再循环 redeemable 可赎回的 redemption 赎回，股份变现 redeployment cost The cost of switching one type of loan to another, e.g. from a fixed rate loan to a variable rate loan. 重新调配费用 把贷款从一种类型转换成另一种类型的费用，例 如从固定利率贷款转换为可变利率贷款。 redeployment cost [IFC] The cost levied by IFC and representing its cost of reinvesting a prepaid loan at a lower interest rate. 重新调配费用[国际金融公司] 国际金融公司收取的一种费用，它表示该公司把 已预付的贷款以较低的利率重新投资所需的成 本。 redeployment (of funds) （基金的）重新调配 red herring issue An issue of bonds made on an experimental basis. 探索性发行 在试验的基础上发行债券。 rediscount Resale of instruments such as banker's acceptances already discounted by lender, usually with central bank or discount house, at a price less than the face value. 再贴现 把已由贷款人贴现过的票据（如银行承兑票据 等）重新销售，一般是以低于面值的价格售予中 央银行或贴现公司。 rediscount ceiling 再贴现上限 reducing charge method 收费递减法 见declining balance method redundancy [staffing] 人员过多，冗员 reference rate of exchange [MIGA] The effective average rate of exchange applied by the central bank or other foreign exchange regulatory authority of the host country for the exchange rate category concerned on the date of loss to conversion of the local currency into guarantee currency. 参考汇率[多边投资担保机构] 东道国中央银行或其它外汇管理当局使用的平 均有效汇率，用于把当地货币按损失日的有关汇 率类别转换成担保的货币币种。 reference zone; target zone [foreign exchange] A wide zone of exchange rates, perhaps plus or minus 10 per cent, within which a currency can freely move against other currencies. Suggested at the New York Plaza Agreement at the Group of Five meeting, 9/85 and proposed by the French Treasury 2/86, as a way to reduce major currency swings. 参考区，目标区[外汇] 一个大幅度的汇率浮动区间，可在正、负10%之 间。此间，一种货币对其他货币的汇率可以自由 浮动。这是在1985年9月五国集团会议纽约广场 协议中提出的；1986年2月，法国财政部建议把 它作为一种减少主要货币波动的方法。

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referral （对申请工作者的）工作分派，介绍 refinancing 再筹集资金，发行新债券以收回旧债券 reflation 恢复增长 reflecting pool Concept of movements in the currency pool reflecting movements in the three main currencies constituting the pool (US dollar, yen, mark). This concept enables borrowers to predict changes in the currency pool by watching changes in these three currencies on the world markets. 货币总库反应[货币总库] 表示货币总库中的货币运动的一个概念，它反应 组成货币总库的三种主要货币（美元、日元、马 克）的运动。这一概念使借款人得以通过注视这 三种货币在世界市场上的变化，预计货币总库的 变化。 reflows from the Trust Fund* 信托基金回流 reforestation; reafforestation Establishment of trees on ground that has been cleared of trees. 重新造林 在砍伐过的林地上种植树木。 reform 改革 见land reform refresher course 复习课程，进修课程 refunding 再筹款 regional integration arrangements 地区一体化安排 register 登记，注册 见land register Register [ICSID] 登记簿（名册） [解决投资争端国际中心] registered [vehicle] 已登记的[交通工具] registered (e.g. tradesmen) 已注册的（例如零售商） registered bond A bond whose ownership is recorded by the issuer. 记名债券 一种由发行人登记所有者名字的债券。 registered capital; share capital 注册资本；股份资本 registered nurse 有国家证书的护士，注册护士 registered security A security whose ownership is determined by the name in which it is registered as opposed to a bearer security whose ownership is determined by who possesses it. 记名证券 一种证券，其所有权根据以登记的名字来决定。 区别于所有权依持有人而定的持有者证券。 registered seed The progeny of foundation or registered seed. 注册过的种籽 基础种籽或注册种子的后代。 registered share, stock; personal stock Stock which cannot be transferred without placing the signature of the owner upon the books of the issuing corporation and delivery of the certificate. 记名股票 这种股票须经股票发行公司登记簿上的原记名 人签署，并递交有关证书后才能转让。 registrar [ICSID] 书记官，登记官[解决投资争端国际中心] registration [Stock Exchange] 登记，注册[证券交易所] regrading [highways] 路面重修[公路] regrading [personnel] 重新定级或评级[人事] regraveling; graveling 重铺砾石；铺砾石 regress 倒退 见economics of regress regression equation An equation expressing average relationships between two or more variables. 回归等式[统计] 表示两个或两个以上变量的平均关系的等式。 regressor; predictor An independent variable in a regression analysis. 回归自变量 回归分析中的自变量。 regrowth 再生 regular appointment [IBRD] 正常录用，正常任命[国际复兴开发银行] regular budget One of three Bank budgets, it is for funds used to cover the administrative expenses of the Bank. 固定预算 世界银行三种预算之一，是用来支付世界银行行 政费用的资金。 regular lending program [IBRD] The Bank lending program that includes the base lending program and the standby program. 正规贷款规划[国际复兴开发银行] 指包括基本贷款规划和后备规划在内的世界银 行贷款规划。 regular share Share of IBRD capital stock other than those allocated as membership shares. 正规股 国际复兴开发银行股本中除会员股以外的其它 股份。

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regular staff 正式职工，长期雇用人员 Regulations and Rules (of the Centre) [ICSID] (解决投资争端国际中心的)《规章制度》[解决投 资争端国际中心] regulatory agency 管理机构 rehabilitation 复兴，恢复 rehabilitation import credit, loan - RIC, RIL Loan, credit to support policies to stabilize the economy and reactivate growth, following a period of economic decline caused inter alia by inappropriate policies. 支持恢复进口信贷、贷款（简写为RIC，RIL） 在由于不当的政策所引起的一段时间的经济下 滑以后，用以支持稳定经济和重振增长的政策的 贷款或信贷。 reimbursable budget One of three Bank budgets, it is for funds used to cover costs on behalf of outside agencies under billing agreements. 可偿还预算 世界银行三种预算之一，是根据代付协议代表外 部机构支付费用所用资金的预算。 reinforcing bar; rebar 钢筋 reinsurance Form of insurance used by insurance companies for their own protection, whereby they share insurance risk with other insurance companies. The risk they share may either be in the form of an individual risk (facultative reinsurance) or a large number of risks (treaty reinsurance). 再保险，分保 保险公司为自我保护而使用的保险形式，以此与 别的保险公司分担保险风险。其形式可以是分担 单一风险（临时分保），也可以分担大量风险（合 同分保）。 release 脱产 见block release release [ICSID] 解除[解决国际投资争端中心] release, to [capital] 解除，解冻[资本] relend, to 转贷 relief 解除，豁免，救济，援救，减轻 relinquishment [legal] * 放弃，放弃财产权利声明书[法律] relocation grant 调动补贴，安家费 remeasurement contract 计量合同 见unit price contract remedy 补救，补偿，制裁 见legal remedy remittances 汇款(额) remote sensing 遥感，远距离探测 renewable energy 可更新能源 rent 租金，收益 见economic rent; project rent rent recovery index [projects] The proportion of the economic rent created by a project that accrues to project beneficiaries and is recovered from them. 租金收入指数，收益指数[项目] 在项目受益人处累计，并从他们那里回收的项目 所产生的经济租金。 rent-seeking 追求利润，求利，寻租 repayment bond Form of performance bond issued by a bank as a repayment guarantee. 偿还保证 由一家银行发出的，作为偿还保证的履约保证 书。 repayment guarantee Form of guarantee whereby the guarantor undertakes, in the event of default by the principal, to pay the beneficiary an amount advanced or paid by the beneficiary to the principal in accordance with the contract between them. They are generally issued by banks. 偿还保证 指在委托人违约的情况下，担保人根据合同向受 益人偿还一笔原先由受益人支付给委托人的金 额。这种偿还保证一般是由银行签发的。 repayment schedule 还款时间表 repeater loan 重复贷款

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repeater project Project in the same sector and same country as a previous project. 重复项目，相似的项目 在同一国家同一部门所做的与以前某个项目相 同的项目。 repeater rate [education] The rate at which students repeat a grade. 留级率[教育] 学生在一个年级留级的比率。 repeat financing 再次提供资金 rephasing of a debt; debt rephasing; rescheduling of debt 重新安排还款期；重新安排还款时间表 replacement cost 重置成本 replacement level [population] 更替水平[人口] replacement value 重置价值 见current (entry) value replenish (an account), to 补充，补足（帐户） replenishment of resources The addition of funds to IDA. The Eleventh Replenishment starts fiscal year 1997. 补充资金 指国际开发协会的增资。第11次增资始于1997财 政年度。 replicability 可普及性，可**性 report (of Commission) [ICSID] （委员会）报告[解决投资争端国际中心] reported debt 公布的债务 reporting country 申报国 reporting requirement(s) 申报要求 reporting system [projects] 报告制度[项目] representations 代理，代表（权），意见，陈述，招待 representative office [bank] 代表处[银行] repression 紧缩，抑制 见financial repression repurchase agreement Arrangement by banks and other institutions to borrow short-term (usually one day) money by transferring securities to the lender, with the agreement that they will buy them back. 回购协议 银行同其他机构通过把证券转给贷款人来借入 短期（通常是一天）资金，并协议将来把它们购 回的安排。 request for proposal - RFP 要求提出建议（简写为RFP） Requesting Organization [ICSID] 提出请求的组织[解决投资争端国际中心] required rate of return - RRR 应得收益率（简写为RRR） requited transfer Transfer of resource or financial item between two countries that is counterbalanced with a similar transfer in the other direction. 对应转移，对冲交易 指两个国家之间资源或财务科目方面的转移。这 种转移为类似的反向转移所对销。 resale price maintenance - RPM Agreement whereby manufacturers independently or collectively specify minimum prices at which their products could be resold by wholesalers and retailers. 最低发售价协议（简写为RPM） 厂商为他们的货物所单独或集体协定的最低批 发和零售价。 rescheduling of debt; rephasing of a debt; debt rephasing; debt rescheduling 偿债期重新安排 rescue package 一揽子救助方案 resealing [highways] 再封层，重新填缝[公路] research and development - R D 研究与开发（简写为R &D） research-push innovations; upstream innovations 研究推动的革新；上游革新 reservation price (of labor) The minimum price at which an individual is willing to offer a good or service. Often applied to labor, it is the lowest wage at which an individual is willing to offer his or her services. (劳动力)的保留价格，最低价格 指一个人愿意提供一种货物或劳力的最低价格。 常常用于指劳动力，即某一个人愿意提供他或她 的劳务的最低工资。

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reservation salary, wage The minimum wage at which a worker will accept work. 最低薪金，工资 指一个工人能接受工作的最低工资。 reserve 储备金 见legal reserve reserve against losses 亏损准备金 reserve asset Those funds which constitute reserves in a bank. 储备资产 在一个银行里组成储备的那些资金。 reserve center Country or area where significant financial reserves are held. 储备中心 持有大量金融储备的国家或地区。 reserve currency The name given to a foreign currency which a government is prepared to hold as part of its foreign exchange reserves. This is used for financing international trade. 储备货币 即一国政府准备作为其外汇储备来持有的某种 外国货币，用以支付国际贸易。 reserve for contingencies; allowance for contingencies; contingency allowance An amount of retained earnings earmarked for general undetermined contingencies or for any indefinite possible future losses. 意外情况准备金；应急准备金 从留存盈利中划出的一笔专项资金，用于一般未 预计到的意外情况或将来可能发生的不定损失。 reserve for depreciation; allowance for depreciation; depreciation allowance A valuation account set up to allow for the depreciation in an asset. 折旧准备金，折旧备抵金 为某项资产折旧而设置的计值帐户。 reserve for losses; provision for losses; loss provision An amount of retained earnings earmarked for any indefinite future losses. 亏损准备金 从留存盈利中划出的一笔专项资金，用于弥补将 来可能发生的不定损失。 reserve money; base money 储备货币；基础货币 reserve operations [lending program] Lending operations on which initial preparation is being undertaken but which have not been appraised. 备用项目[贷款规划] 准备工作刚刚开始而尚未作评估的项目。 reserve position 储备状况，储备头寸 reserve ratio [banking] The fraction of demand deposit money which a commercial bank must keep in its reserve account. This ratio determines the maximum amount of money a bank may loan out. In the United States, the legal reserve requirement is imposed by the Federal Reserve on depository institutions. The reserves (cash maintained in a bank's own vault or claims on cash on deposit with compulsory or optional depositories) for transaction accounts are 3% on $25 million or less and 12% for larger sums. 储备金比率，储备率[金融] 指商业银行必须存在其储备帐户中的活期存款 的一个比率。它决定一个银行可以贷出的资金的 最大数额。在美国，联邦储备银行对存款机构实 施强制性法定储备要求。对交易在2500万美元及 以下的帐户，储备金（指银行库存的现金，或在 强制性或一般性储蓄机构的可以提现的存款）要 求为3%，对大于这个数额的帐户，储备金要求 为12%。 reserve requirement 规定储备额，法定储备 reserved procurement Under the Bank's procurement guidelines, procurement that the client wishes to reserve for local suppliers or contractors, where it would have been attractive to international competition. 保留采购 根据世界银行采购指南，借款人希望为本国供应 商或承包商保留的采购，而这部分采购本来对国 际竞争也具有吸引力。 resettlement grant 安置费 resident mission 驻地代表处 resident office 驻地办事处 resource balance The difference between exports of goods and nonfactor services and imports of goods and nonfactor services. 资源差额，资源余额 货物和非要素劳务出口与货物和非要素劳务进 口之间的差。 resource based industries 资源型工业 resource envelope In budgeting, an overall expenditure limit for a unit. The unit can then decide how it allocates individual expenditures within this envelope. 资金封套 指预算中对一个单位支出规定的总限额。这个单 位可以在这个“封套”之中筹划分配各项开支。 resource(s) gap Imports of goods and nonfactor services minus exports of goods and nonfactor services, or the resource balance with the opposite sign. 资源缺口 指货物及非要素劳务的进口数减去货物与非要 素劳务出口数，或负的资源余额。

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resource-neutral 对资源无影响的 responsibility center [accounting] Any organizational unit accountable to higher authority for performance of assigned functions, usually including its incurrence of specific costs under budget limitations and control. 责任中心[会计] 按权限履行职责并向上级部门负责的一个组织 单位。通常包括在预算限额内和控制下的费用开 支情况。 responsive 有反响的，有反应的 restocking 存量恢复 restraint policy 节制政策，紧缩政策 restricted currency The portion of capital subscriptions paid in the currencies of members and usable by IBRD in its lending operations only with the consent of the respective members. 限制性货币 会员国以本国货币缴付部分认购股份，世界银行 只有在取得该会员国的认可后，方能把这部分资 金用于贷款业务。 restricted distribution 有限制的传阅或分发 restricted release (of 18% currency) Release by Bank member of its 18% currency for lending or relending, with some restrictions, such as the requirement that the funds only be used in the currency concerned without being converted or are only used for initial lending and not indefinite lending and relending. （对18%货币）限制性释放 世界银行会员国解除对其缴纳的18%本国货币 贷款或再贷款的限制，但仍附有一些限制，如只 能直接使用该货币而不能转换成别的货币；或只 能用于初始贷款而不能用于无限期贷款和再贷 款。 Restricted Toxic Materials List - RTML A list of toxic materials that may not be used in Bank projects. 禁止使用的有毒材料一览表（简写为RTML） 指在世界银行项目中不得使用的有毒材料一览 表。 restrictive trade policy 限制性贸易政策 resubmission [ICSID] 再提交公断[解决投资争端国际中心] resurfacing [highways] 路面重筑，路面翻修[公路] retail banking Traditional banking operations conducted with the general public. 零售银行业务，小额银行业务 指为公众开办的传统银行业务。 retail training Training of officials directly in the country by their compatriots rather than abroad by EDI or others. 就地培训 指由本国人在本国直接培训官员，而不是由世界 银行经济发展学院或其他组织在国外培训。 retained earnings Accumulated net income, less distributions to stockholders and transfers to paid-in capital accounts. 留存盈利 累积的净收益减去分配给股东和转移进实缴资 本帐户的数额。 retainer 预聘费，保留费 retention money Percentage of each payment retained until the contract has been completed and the contractor has fulfilled his performance (and maintenance) obligations. 保留款，保留金 对每次付款扣留的一个百分比，直至合同全部完 成，承包商完成其应履行（和维修）的任务。 retention rate; grade ratio [education] Percentage of students that pass from one grade to next grade. 留校率；升级率[教育] 在校学生由一个年级升到上一年级的百分比。 retired debt A debt that has been paid off. 已清偿债务 已经被偿清的债务。 retirement (of a fixed asset) Removal of an asset from service, following its sale or the end of its productive life, accompanied by the necessary adjustment of fixed asset and depreciation-reserve accounts. 固定资产报废 在一项固定资产被卖出或终止其生产寿命之后， 将其从使用中撤除，同时对固定资产和折旧准备 帐户进行必要的调整。 retirement benefits 退休金，退休补助 retirement of outstanding debt 清偿债务余额 retraining 再培训 retrieval (资料)检索 retroactive financing; retrofinancing Reimbursement by the Bank of expenditures made by the borrower before the date of signing a loan agreement, as an exception to normal financing. It is subject to a fixed cutoff date, before which expenditures are not eligible for Bank financing. 追溯融资 世界银行对借款人在某项贷款协议签订以前所 支出的费用给以偿还，这是在正常融资以外的例 外融资。这受一定的截止日期的限制，在此日期 之前所支出的费用没有资格得到世界银行的融 资。 retrofinancing 追溯融资 见retroactive financing retrofitting 式样翻新，改进 return of capital The return to the investor of part or all of the initial investment of capital in a project. 资本收益，资本利润 投资者从一个项目早期部分或全部投入资本中 得到的收益。 return of investment 投资收益

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return of labor A detailed list of the staff and labor employed. 实有劳力（清单） 实际雇用职工的详细清单。 return on earning assets* 生利资产收益 return on, to capital 1. The internal rate of return of the incremental net benefit after financing. 2. Net income divided by equity. 资本收益（率） 1．融资后增量净收益的内部收益率。 2．净收入除以股本金。 return on, to investment 投资收益（率） returns; revenues 收益；岁入 returns to scale 规模收益 revaluation 升值，重新定值 revaluation factor [currency pool] A ratio establishing the appreciation or depreciation due to exchange rate changes in the U.S. dollar value of currencies in the pool from one date to another. It is calculated by dividing, as of any day, the total U.S. dollar value at the exchange rates of that day of the balances of currencies in the pool brought forward from the previous day, by their total U.S. dollar value at the exchange rates of the previous day. 重估价系数[货币总库] 用以确定由于美元汇率的变化而使总库内当天 和前一天相比各种货币升值或贬值的比率。其计 算方法是用任何一天总库内各种货币按当日汇 率折算的美元总值，除以前一天按当日汇率折算 的各种货币的美元总值。 revealed comparative advantage - RCA Concept developed by Bela Balassa, it is measured by an item's share in the country's exports relative to its share in world trade. If the share of the item in the country's exports is more than the corresponding world share, then the country has a revealed comparative advantage; if less, it has a revealed comparative disadvantage. 显示出来的相对优势（简写为RCA） 这是由Bela Balassa提出的一个概念，是以某项商 品在一国的出口中所占的份额相对于该商品在 世界贸易中所占份额来衡量的。如果该商品在本 国出口中所占份额大于它在世界贸易中所占份 额，则该国显示出相对优势，如果前者小于后者， 则显示相对劣势。 revenue 收入 见current revenues; fiscal revenue; government revenues revenue account [national accounts] 收入帐户[国民核算] revenue-earning enterprise 赢利企业 revenue recognition In accounting, when income is deemed to have been received. IFC records dividends, profit participations and fees (other than commitment fees) as income when received. Income and commitment fees are recorded as income on an accrual basis. It does not recognize income on loans where collectibility is in doubt and payments of principal or interest are past due more than sixty days. 收入认定 会计中认为是已收到的收入。国际金融公司把收 到的股利、利润分配和收费（除了承诺费以外） 作为收入进行登记。收入和承诺费在应计基础上 记为收入。它对收入不确定、本息支付拖延达60 天以上的贷款的收入不做认定。 revenue sharing 收益分配，收益分享 revenue stamp 印花税票，印花 revenues; returns 收入；收益 reverse charge call; collect call; transfer charge call 对方付款电话 reverse transfer of technology Transfer of technology from the developing to the developed countries. 反向技术转让 从发展中国家向发达国家进行的技术转让。 review clause; (periodic) review clause Clause in a loan agreement which allows the lender to determine periodically whether stated objectives are being met. 审查条款；（定期）审查条款 贷款协议中的一项条款，它使贷款人可以定期确 认各项目标是否已经达到。 review mission 考察团，检查团 revised minimum standard model - RMSM An IBRD mathematical model of monetary aggregates, covering a few basic economic factors. 修正的最低标准模型(简写为RMSM） 国际复兴开发银行的一种货币总量数学模型，包 括一些基本的经济要素。 revolving account* 周转帐户；循环帐户 revolving credit Any line of credit that be borrowed against up to a stated credit limit and into which repayments go for crediting. 循环信贷 一种信贷额度，可在一定限额内进行贷款，其偿 还款仍用于贷款。 revolving fund A fund for project-related expenditure. 周转基金；备用金 用于与项目有关的费用的开支。 revolving underwriting facility - RUF; note issuance facility - NIF; prime underwriting facility - PUF A medium-term arrangement under which a borrower can issue short-term paper (Euronotes) backed up by commercial bank underwriting commitments. 循环包销措施（简写为RUF）；票据保险措施（简 写为NIF）；初级包销措施（简写为PUF） 一种中期安排，此中借款人可以在商业银行包销 承诺的支持下发行三个月或六个月的短期票据 （欧洲票据）。 rhizomes; rootstock crops 根茎；根茎作物 ribbon check irrigation 条灌 见border check irrigation rice 稻 见floating rice; floded rice; upland rice rig 井架 见oil (drilling) rig right of first refusal 优先取舍权 见first refusal right right of way 地面通过权，地役权，路权 rights issue, offering 增股 riot [MIGA] An assemblage of individuals who commit public acts of violence in defiance of local authority. Covered by MIGA under the war and civil disturbance category. 暴乱[多边投资担保机构] 无视当地政府，聚众进行的公开的暴力行为。多 边投资担保机构对此在“战争和内乱”类别下提 供担保。 参见Civil commotion ripple price effects 价格波浪作用 risk allowance [projects] An allowance made when funding a project for risks that might occur. 风险备抵[项目] 在向一个可能发生风险的项目提供资金时设立 的准备金。 risk-asset ratio Ratio between assets held and amount of risk. MIGA's risk-asset ratio may not exceed one-to-five. 风险-资产比率 持有资产额与风险额之间的比率。多边投资担保 机构的风险资产比率不得超过1:5。

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risk capital; venture capital Capital invested in high-risk or relatively high-risk securities and enterprises, in expectation of commensurately high returns. It is sometimes used of equities or ordinary stock, the dividend of which varies with the profits earned by the corporation. 风险资本 投资于高风险或相对高风险的证券和企业，以期 得到相应的高收益。有时用于指股本或普通股 票，其股利随公司获利情况而变化。 risk contract [oil] Contract that typically places all risk and investment on the contractor, who provides capital for exploration and production. 风险合同[石油业] 一般由提供勘探和生产资金的承包商承担一切 投资与风险的合同。 risk management 风险管理 risk of expropriation [MIGA] 被征收的风险，被没收的风险[多边投资担保机 构] risk pooling [MIGA] Sharing of risks among members of an insurance pool. 风险联保[多边投资担保机构] 指由一个联保集团的成员共同分担风险。 risk posture The degree of risk of an investment. 风险状态 一项投资的风险程度。 risk spread 分散风险 risk transformation guarantees 风险转移担保 river blindness; onchocerciasis 河盲症；盘尾丝虫病 river channel 河流航道，河道 ro/ro [= roll-on/roll-off] 滚装法，滚装运输[=滚装滚卸法] road base 路基[公路] 见base [highways] road, surface patching; spot improvement, patching; patching [highways] 路面补坑，路面零补[公路] road pricing 公路运输定价 road user charges 道路使用费 rock phosphate; phosphate rock 磷酸盐岩 rollback In GATT, the progressive dismantling of all trade restrictions which are inconsistent with GATT. 逐步撤除 关贸总协定规定的对与总协定不一致的所有贸 易限制进行逐步撤除。 rolled (costs) 平均成本 rolling back 压低物价，回降物价 rolling plan 滚动计划，逐年延伸计划 roll-on/roll-off - ro/ro 滚装/滚卸法，滚装运输 rollover 1. Reinvestment of money received from a maturing security in a similar security. 2. Term used for a delay allowed by a lender to borrower in making a principal payment on a loan. With governments, rollovers in the form of refundings or refinancings are routine. 滚转法 1．把从到期证券收到的钱再投资于类似的证券。 2．指贷款人允许借款人推迟对一项贷款本金的 偿还。就政府而言，以重新融资方式进行滚转， 属例行公事。

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rollover credit 展期信贷 见revolving credit rollover of gains 利润的再投资，利润的滚转 rollover project, program 持续性项目，滚动计划 root crops 块根作物 rootstock crops; rhizomes 根茎作物， 根茎 rotating savings and credit association - ROSCA Type of savings institution whereby each member contributes a certain sum each month and the entire proceeds for that month are given to one individual. Each member takes it in turn to be the recipient. 轮流储蓄和信贷协会（简写为ROSCA） 储蓄机构的一种，由每一成员按月缴纳一笔资 金，并将当月交纳的资金总额给予某一成员。每 个成员轮流接受这笔资金成为受益人。 roundwood 圆木，圆材 routine maintenance 例行（日常）维修，常规保养 row crops 条种作物，需中耕作物 Rules of Procedure for Arbitration Proceedings (Arbitration Rules) [ICSID] 《仲裁程序规则》（仲裁规则）[解决投资争端 国际中心] Rules of Procedure for Conciliation Proceedings (Conciliation Rules) [ICSID] 《调解程序规则》（调解规则）[解决投资争端 国际中心] Rules of Procedure for the Institution of Conciliation and Arbitration Proceedings (Institution Rules) [ICSID] 《调解和仲裁的组织程序规则》（组织规则）[解 决投资争端国际中心] Rules of Procedure for Meetings of the Executive Directors 执行董事会会议程序规则 runaway inflation 恶性通货膨胀 running average; moving average The average rate of interest applied to an outstanding loan, based on the rates applied on all previous disbursements, weighted, where necessary, to allow for different levels of disbursement. 移动平均数，连续平均数 即一项未偿还贷款余额的平均利率。该利率是根 据以前所有支付额的利率决定的，并在需要时进 行加权，以进行不同级别的支付。 running contract A contract for the supply of an approximate quantity over or below the approximate quantity mentioned in the contract. This reduces the holding cost and is normally applied to goods for which prices are not subject to appreciable market fluctuations. 活动合同，不定量合同 指一种供货合同，卖方可灵活提供与合同中所规 定的近似数量或多或少的货物。这样可以降低存 货成本，一般用于价格不易受市场波动影响的货 物。 running costs 经营费用，日常费用，运行成本 run-of-mine coal; mine run coal Ungraded coal of various sizes as it comes from the mine. 未分等级的煤 刚出矿还没有分等级的大小不一的煤。 run-of-the-river hydroelectric power plant Hydroelectric power plant that uses water flow as it comes in the river, with little or no storage to allow for modifications in demand or water flow. 水口电站 利用河流中的水流进行发电的电站。由于没有或 很少有蓄水，因此不能对需求或水量进行调节。 runoff [water] 水的径流，流量[水] runoff irrigation 径流灌溉

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T - tailing pond Pond containing waste matter from metal ore extraction. 残渣池 矿物提炼后，残渣滞留的水池。 tailrace; spillway chute [hydroelectricity] 泄水道[水利发电] take a straight equity position, to Investment in a standard, low-risk security. 投资于可靠的证券 指投资于一种标准的，低风险的证券。 take-and-pay contract A guarantee to buy an agreed amount of a product or service provided it is delivered. 一手交钱、一手交货合同 一项保证购买议定数量产品或服务的合同，其条 件是货到付钱。 take-home pay 实得工资 taken over by 被兼并 take-off （经济）起飞，（动力）输出 take-or-pay agreement, contract An unconditional guarantee to buy an agreed amount of a product or service whether or not it is delivered. 或取或付协议（合同），照付不议协议（合同） 指一项无条件购买一笔议定数量的产品或劳务 的保证，不管其是否到货。 take-out agreement; buy-back agreement 返销协议；回购协议 takeover bid An offer to acquire a controlling interest in a corporation. 收购竞争，合并递价 为获得在某一公司中的控制地位所作的递价。 take over, to 兼并 take-up problems (of means-tested pension plans) 参与问题（家计调查式养老金方案） tangible assets, property Material property that can be seen and touched as opposed to intangible property such as a patent. 有形资产 可以看得见摸得着的物质资产；相对于专利等无 形资产而言。 tanker 油轮 tap issue An issue of a security made available on an as required basis. Used primarily in the British market, where the British Government issues Treasury stock and seeks subscriptions. As the stock is rarely fully subscribed, the remainder is sold to Stock Exchange jobbers as demand requires. 随时发行 在有需求要求的情况下即可进行的证券发行。主 要应用于英国证券市场。在英国，政府发行国家 股并进行销售。由于国家股很少能全部卖罄，剩 余部分就根据需求，卖给股票交易所的经纪人。 target, to 对准目标，集中于 target contract 目标合同 target group 目标群体 target price 目标价格 target zone; reference zone A wide zone of exchange rates, perhaps plus or minus 10 per cent, within which a currency can freely move against other currencies. Suggested at the New York Plaza Agreement at the Group of Five meeting, 9/85 and proposed by the French Treasury 2/86, as a way to reduce major currency swings. 目标区，参考区 一个较大的汇率浮动区间（约正负10%），其中 一种货币相对于另一种货币可以自由地上下浮 动。这是在1985年9月五国集团会议《纽约广场 协定》中提出来的1986年2月法国财政部提议作 为减少主要货币动荡的措施之一。 targeted beneficiaries 目标受益人 targeted grant 定向赠款

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见categorical grant targeted interventions 目标干预 targeted programs 目标规划 targeting 瞄准目标，集焦于 tariff 关税 tariff barriers 关税壁垒 tariff escalation 关税升级 tariff item 关税项目 tariff jumping 关税跳脱 tariff line The most disaggregated level of classification of international trade flows. It is the production level where the tariff is applied. 关税细目 国际贸易最细级的分类，是在生产级别上实施的 关税。 tariff negotiations, round 关税谈判，回合 tariff peak 最高关税税率 tariff position 关税类别 tariff privatization Situation where the main domestic producer in a given market is also the main importer (or has very close links to the main foreign producer) and is therefore able to shield itself from import competition and obtain considerable profits by controlling the volume of imports. All the revenue thus obtained accrues the producer instead of the government (in the form of tariffs). 关税私有化 指一种情形，即在某一市场上，一个主要国内生 产商同时又是主要进口商（或与外国主要生产商 有密切联系），因此他能够从来自进口的竞争中 保护自己，并从控制进口量中得到相当大的利 益。该生产商由此所得到的所有此类收入本来是 应（通过关税的形式）归诸于政府的。 tariff quota Specified volume (quota) of imports of a good for a given period defining the application of different rates of duty (tariffs), the lower are applying until the specified volume is reached, the higher rate thereafter. 关税配额 即在一定时期内，对一种货物的进口数量（配额） 使用不同的关税税率。在一定数量以内征收较低 税率，超过一定数量以后则征收较高税率。 tariff rates 关税率 tariff round, negotiations 关税谈判回合，谈判 tariff schedule 收费价目表，关税税率表，（美）海关税则 tariff wedges Difference between the tariff at a particular stage of processing and at the preceding stage. 税率级差 指因产品加工程度不同而产生的税率差。 tariffication The conversion of quotas or other nontariff barriers to tariffs. 关税折算 指把配额或其他非关税壁垒折算成关税。 tar sands 沥青沙 task force 专门工作组 tax allowance Amount deducted from gross income to arrive at taxable income. 税额减免 指在计算应税收入时从总收入中减除的数额。 tax amnesty 税款赦免 tax arbitrage 套税 tax assessment; assessment for tax 征税估值，确定税款金额 tax audit 税务审计 tax avoidance The legal minimization of taxes due government by application of tax planning devices. 避税 使用避税计划手段算出的应付政府的合法最低 税额。 tax base The amount that forms the basis for calculating a taxpayers' liability. In income tax it is a person's earnings while in property tax, the value of the property. 税基，计税基础 纳税人应税义务的基础数额。在所得税中它是个 人的收入，在财产税中则是财产的价值。 tax bill, demand A document sent to a taxpayer, telling him/her how much s/he owes in taxes. 税单 送给纳税人的一项文件，通知他或她应付多少 税。 tax bracket 税收等级，税级 tax buoyancy Total elasticity of the tax system (built-in elasticity plus elasticity due to discretionary changes in the tax system). Measured by the annual mean growth in receipts divided by the annual mean growth in gross domestic product (GDP). 税收制度弹性，保持高税收 指税收制度的总弹性（内在弹性加上人为因素造 成的的税制变化弹性）。计算方法是，用课税收 入的年平均增长，除以国内生产总值（GDP）年 平均增长。

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tax burden The actual effect of a tax. For example, the tax burden of income tax falls on the income-earner; however, the burden of indirect taxes such as sales taxes is generally passed on to the consumer. 税负，税款负担 指某种税收的实际效果。例如所得税的税负落到 有收入者身上，而间接性税负（如销售税）一般 转嫁到消费者身上。 tax clearance 完税证明书 tax credit A 100% offset against tax liability. 税额抵免，纳税额的扣免 指应付税款100%地减免。 tax deduction An expenditure that may legally be deducted from taxable income by taxpayers 减税 指纳税人可以从应税收入中合法扣减的支出。 tax deferral 递延纳税 tax demand, bill 税单 tax effort The total amount of tax due from a country, sector, enterprise, etc. 应缴税 一个国家、部门、或企业等应该缴纳的税金总额。 tax elasticity 税收弹性 tax evasion Avoidance of taxes by illegal means. 逃税；偷税；漏税 用非法的手段避税。 tax exemption A specific sum that a taxpayer may deduct from taxable income for him- or herself and for each dependent. Also refers to certain kinds of income not subject to tax such as social security payments, monies received by certain diplomats, etc. 免税（免税额） 一个纳税人可以为他或她和其每个从属人员从 应税收入中减除的一定的数额。也指某种不属于 纳税的收入，如社会保障付费，一些外交人员的 收入等。 tax expenditures 税费支出 tax/GDP ratio Ratio of tax receipts to gross domestic product. 税收占国内生产总值的比率 tax handles The means by which the tax authorities can raise (or lower) revenues through taxation. For example, in an economy where income is typically derived from self-employment and the wage income that does exist is from small establishments, the government has only a limited tax handle on income compared with a modern economy where earned income is largely in the form of wages and salaries from large organizations. 税收操纵手段 指税务当局通过税收可以提高（或降低）收入的 手段。例如，在一个收入主要来源于自谋职业和 小企业支付的工资的国家里，政府只有有限的税 收操纵手段；相比之下，在一个收入大部分由大 机构的工资和薪水组成的现代化国家里，情形则 相反。 tax haven A country which offers permanent tax incentives in order to attract multinational enterprises. 避税地，逃税乐园（场所） 指为吸引跨国企业而提供长期税收激励的国家。 tax holiday Tax relief or exemption granted temporarily, e.g. to encourage industrial development. 免税期 为了例如鼓励工业发展等目的而临时性的税收 减免。 tax incentive 税收激励（优惠） tax incidence analysis Analysis of the redistributive effects of taxation. 税收归宿分析 有关课税对再分配的影响的分析。 tax liability 纳税义务 tax loophole 税收漏洞 tax mitigation 减轻税赋，避税 tax net 所有应税物品 tax office 税务局 tax on value added; value added tax - VAT 增值税（简写为VAT） tax-paid cost - TPC 完税价（简写为TPC） tax-paying capacity 交税能力 tax performance ratio 征税成功率 tax ratio The ratio of income tax expense to net income before taxes. 税率 缴付的税额与税前纯收入的比率。 tax rebate A partial refund to taxpayers of taxes already paid. 退税 对纳税人已交税款的部分退回。 tax refund 退税 tax relief 税款减免 tax reference price [oil] An arbitrary posted price for hydrocarbons utilized in a number of countries for the purpose of calculating taxes and other payments due the State from an operator. 征税参照价格[石油] 一些国家对碳氢化合物确定的一个人为的牌价， 用以计算一个营运者应付国家的税和其他款项。

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tax return 纳税申报表 tax sharing The practice of a state or central government levying a tax and sharing its proceeds with a local government. 税收分享、分成 国家或中央政府在课征的某一税收中，将收入与 地方政府分享，即分成。 tax shelter Any of a number of investments which generate losses, usually due to noncash deductions such as depreciation or depletion, or due to accelerated payments which flow through to individual taxpayers and can be used to offset other income, thereby lowering the individual taxable income. 逃税手段，纳税隐蔽所 指可能带来损失的任意一种投资活动，损失一般 由非现金形式的扣除造成，如折旧或耗损，或是 由于不断增加的、可以用以抵消其他收入，从而 减少个人应税收入的付给纳税人的付款。 tax sparing 免税 tax surcharge 附加税 tax technology The tools used to administrate tax policy, e.g. management information systems. 税务技术 用来管理税收政策的工具，例如（税收）管理信 息系统。 tax wedge The difference between wages or labor income and the same wages or income plus government taxes on them. It is called a wedge because it is like a wedge which the tax drives between the value of a worker to the firm and the amount received by the worker for working one more hour. A Bank document defined it as “the difference between a given (arbitrary) after-tax rate of return to an individual investor and the pre-tax real rate of return on investment that the firm would need to generate in order to fund the investment.” 税收楔子 指工资或劳务收入与工资和劳务收入加上政府 对之课征的税收之后的数额之间的差额。之所以 称之为楔子，是因为税收象一个楔子那样，把一 个工人对企业的价值，与该工人每多工作一个小 时所能得到的收入分辟开来。世界银行的一份文 件对此下的定义是：“对某个单个投资者的给定 （任意的）税后收益率，与企业为进行投资而必 须从投资中获得的税前实际收益率两者之间的 差额”。 tax withholding 扣缴税款，扣税 tax write off 注销应交税款 tax yield 税收利益 teacher-pupil ratio; pupil-teacher ratio - PTR; student-teacher ratio - STR 师生比率（简写为STR） teacher's guide 教师指南 teacher's kit 教师用成套教材 teaching aids 教具 teaching load 教学负担 Technical Advisory Committee - TAC [CGIAR] 技术顾问委员会（简写为TAC）[国际农业研究 磋商小组] technical assistance loan - TAL World Bank loan for technical assistance purposes. 技术援助贷款（简写为TAL） 指为技术援助目的提供的世界银行的贷款。 technical assistant 技术助理 technical background 技术资力 technical cooperation among developing countries - TCDC 发展中国家间技术合作（简写为TCDC） technical-efficiency index - TEI 技术效率指数（简写为TEI） technical note 技术注释 technical package 一整套技术；一揽子技术交易 teething problems 初创时期出现的问题 temperate hardwood forest 温带硬木树林 temporary assets 暂时资产 temporary liabilities 暂时负债 tender 招标，投标 tender documents 招标文件 见bidding documents tenure 所有权，占有权 见land tenure; security of tenure tenure [education] 长期受聘制[教育] term deposit 定期存款 term financing 定期筹资 term loan 定期贷款 term sheet 定期报表 terminate 终止，解雇 termination 终止，解雇 termination grant 解雇费 terms and conditions (of a contract) （合同的）条款及条件 terms of reference [e.g. consultants] 职责范围[咨询人员等] terms of reference [study] 职责范围[研究] terms of trade A relationship between the prices of exports and the prices of imports. When the concept is not further qualified, reference is being made to the net barter terms of trade, which is the quotient between an index of export prices and an index of import prices. 贸易条件 指出口价格与进口价格之间的关系。如果这一观 念不再加以引伸的话，这个比率当以净易货贸易 条件为参考，它是出口价格指数与进口价格指数 之间的商。

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tertiary (oil) recovery Enhanced recovery methods for the production of crude oil or natural gas. It requires a means for displacing oil from the reservoir rock, modifying the properties of the fluids in the reservoir and/or the reservoir rock to cause movement of crude oil in an efficient manner, and providing the energy and drive mechanism to force its flow to a production well. 三级采油法 一种高级石油或天然气采集方式。先将石油从储 油岩石中驱替出来，然后改变油层或油岩中液体 的性质，使原油产生有效运动，然后加能加压迫 其流入生产油井。 territorial jurisdiction * 领土管辖权 test check [accounting] 抽查法[会计] test plot 实验田 thematic team Team of technical specialists working in a specific area of the Bank's activities, which monitors Bankwide activities in a specific area, e.g. technical assistance. 专题专家组 在世界银行活动中的某个领域内工作的技术专 家组，他们监督整个世界银行在某一领域内（例 如技术援助）的活动。 theory of public choice Study of the problems involved in decision-making by governments and the factors that influence their decision-making. 公众选择论 对政府决策中所涉及的问题和影响政府决策的 因素的研究。 think tank 智囊团，思想库 Third Window 第三窗口，第三类业务 33-Commodity Aggregate Price Index [IBRD] 33种商品综合物价指数[国际复兴开发银行] threshold countries Countries on the threshold between IDA and IBRD status or between IBRD and graduation status. 临界国 位于国际开发协会软贷资格和国际复兴开发银 行硬贷资格之间、或者介于国际复兴开发银行资 格和超过借款资格之间的国家。 threshold limit value - TLV The maximum allowed amount of exposure to a given hazard in a given time frame. 临界限定值（简写为TLV） 在一定时间内所能接触的有害物质的最大数量。 threshold price 最低价格，临界价格 through bill of lading Bill of lading for cargo shipped between two specified ports plus inland portion of transit. 联运提单 指在两个特定港口之间，加上内陆转运部分的货 运提单。 throughput 生产（率），生产能力 through traffic 联运，过境交通，直达交通 tied aid 有条件援助 tied currency 汇率与某种外汇挂钩的货币 tied resources 指定用途的资金 tight credit policy 紧缩的信贷政策 tightening of credit 信贷紧缩 tight money Contractionary monetary policy. In taking steps to decrease the rate of growth of the money supply, monetary authorities are said to be following a tight money policy. 银根紧缩 一种紧缩的货币政策。货币当局采取降低货币供 应增长率的措施即被认为是实施银根紧缩政策。 timber 木材 time-adjusted [project analysis] An accounting convention in which the first year of an investment analysis is used solely for investment and in which incremental benefits appear only from year 2 or later. 时效调整，按时间调整[项目分析] 一种会计的常规做法，即在投资的第一年仅对投 资进行分析，其中增量效益只从第二年和以后才 表现出来。 time-based contract [consultants] A contract for consultants where payment is made according to time expended. 按时间计酬合同[咨询专家] 指一项根据工作时间付费的咨询专家合同。 time deposit 定期存款 time frame， 时间框架 time lag 时滞，时间间隔 time limit [ICSID]

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期限，时限[解决投资争端国际中心] time-of-use (TOU) rates [electricity tariffs] 按使用时间计费[电力价格] time overrun 超过时限 time pattern 时间格局，时态 time series 时间序列，时间数列 time sharing [computers] 分时，时间分享[计算机] time sheet 出勤时间记录表 time-slice loan Loan where the lender only finances the loan a part of the time. 按时间分切的贷款 在一笔贷款中，贷款人只对该贷款的一部分时间 进行融资。 time underrun 低于时限 time value of money An expression referring to the concept that values received earlier are worth more than values received later. The concept underlying discounting. 货币的时间价值 指一种概念，早些时候的货币价值高于晚些时候 的货币价值。它包涵了贴现的意义。 times interest earned ratio 利息倍数比率 见interest coverage ratio - ICR tinged cotton A discolored cotton graded between spotted and stained cotton. 变了成色的棉花 一种褪色棉花，其等级介于有斑点的棉花与和有 污迹的棉花之间。 tissue culture （生物）组织培养 titling (land) 给予（土地）所有权 Tokyo Round Agreement 东京回合谈判 tombstone Advertisement which announces that a credit has been arranged or a bond issue made. 墓碑，证券发行公告，证券经销人名单 公布信贷发行或股票发行的公告。 ton of coal equivalent - tce A common accounting unit used to define energy usage. Actual definitions differ. The European Communities, for example, define it as yielding 7 Gcal net calorific value while the United Kingdom defines it as the average gross calorific of all grades of coal and the UN as the gross calorific value. 吨煤当量，折合吨煤数（简写为tce） 一个通用的会计单位，用来衡量能源的使用量。 但实际的定义各有不同。例如欧共体把它确定为 产生7克卡净热值；而在英国，把它确定为多种 等级的煤的总平均卡路里；而在联合国则把它定 为总热值。 ton of oil equivalent - toe A common accounting unit for energy usage. Definitions differ. OECD/IEA define it as having a net calorific value of 10 Gcal (= 41.9 GJ) while the United Kingdom defines it as the weighted average gross calorific value of all petroleum products. 吨石油当量，折合吨石油数 一个通用的会计单位，用来衡量能源的使用量。 它有多种定义。经发组织/国际经济协会的定义 是，10克卡（=41.9吉焦耳）净热值；而英国的 定义是所有石油产品的总热值的加权平均数。

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top-down (approach) [projects] 自上而下法（方法）[项目] top dressing [agriculture] 施顶肥，土表追肥[农业] top-rated bank loan 头等级银行贷款，上等银行贷款 top-up scheme; minimum pension guarantee System whereby the government brings up a pension to a specified minimum level. 最低养老金保证制度 指政府把养老金提高到某个最低水平的制度。 Toronto terms Terms for debt relief (rescheduling for low-income countries) agreed upon at the Group of Seven meeting in Toronto in 1988. 多伦多条款 1988年7国集团多伦多会议协议的债务缓免（对 低收入国家的债务重新安排）条款。 total dissolved solids - TDS Total weight of dissolved mineral constituents in water per unit volume or weight of water in the sample. 总溶解固体（简写为TDS） 在一单位容量或重量的水样本中，溶解于水中的 矿物质成份的总重量。 total external debt - EDT 外债总额（简写为EDT） total factor productivity - TFP A measurement of changes in outputs per unit of all inputs combined. 全要素生产率，总和要素生产率（简写为TFP） 对每一个单位的混合投入物所带来的产出的变 化的一个衡量方式。 total fertility rate - TFR The average number of children that would be born live to a woman (or group of women) during her lifetime if she were to pass through her childbearing years conforming to the age-specific fertility rates of a given year. 总和生育率（简写为TFR） 指一个妇女（或一组妇女）终生所能生育的成活 孩子的平均数，条件是她在育龄阶段的生育率符 合某一特定年份她所在年龄组的生育率。 total loss cover Insurance against all losses. 全损险 对所有各种损失的保险。 Total Return Index [IFC] Index devised by IFC to measure the US dollar return on developing country equity markets, taking into account both domestic price changes and exchange rate fluctuations. 总和收益指数[国际金融公司] 国际金融公司创制的一种指数，用以衡量在国内 价格变动和外汇汇率波动的情况下，发展中国家 产权投资市场上的美元收益。 total suspended particulates - TSP Any solid or liquid particles dispersed in the atmosphere, such as dust, pollen, ash, soot, metals and various chemicals. 总悬浮微粒（简写为TSP） 散播在大气中的任何固体或液体的微粒，如尘 埃、花粉、灰、煤烟、金属和各种化学物质。 total suspended solids - TSS The amount of particulate matter suspended in a water sample. 总悬浮固体（简写为TSS） 在一个水样中悬浮微粒物质的数量。 tracer study [education] A follow-up study of students after they have left school to see what they have become. 跟踪研究[教育] 对离开学校的学生作跟踪研究，以了解他们的发 展变化。 tradable [adj.] 可供外贸的，可供贸易的[形容词] tradable [noun] A good that could be traded internationally in the absence of restrictive trade policies. Depending on national and world costs of production and transport, tradables may be importables, exportables or, in some cases, both. 可供外贸的产品，可贸易产品[名词] 在没有贸易限制政策的条件下可在国际上进行 贸易的货物。根据国内和世界的生产成本和运输 情况，可贸易产品可以是可进口的或可出口的， 有时两种都是。 tradable but nontraded (good, item); nontraded tradable 可贸易的非贸易品；非贸易的可贸易品 tradable emissions permit Permit to emit a specified quantity of a pollutant. This permit may be traded. 可交易的排污许可证 许可释放一定数量的某种污染物。这种许可证可 以进行交易。 参见emissions trading, bubble concept trade adjustment Adjustment of terms of trade, e.g. by reducing import tariffs. 贸易调整 使用诸如降低进口关税等办法对贸易条件进行 调整。 trade adjustment loan Loan to assist a country in liberalization of its trade policy. 贸易调整贷款 协助一个国家贸易政策自由化的贷款。 trade balance; balance of trade; merchandise balance The difference in a given time period between a country's imports and exports of goods and services valued in current monetary units. 贸易平衡；贸易差额 在一定时期内，一个国家以现行货币单位计算的 货物和劳务的进、出口之间的差额。 trade coverage ratio The amount of imports affected by para-tariff, price and volume control measures expressed as a percentage of total imports of the same product group. 贸易作用范围比率 受类关税、价格及数量控制影响的进口数量，用 占该类产品进口总量的百分比表示。 trade cycle; business cycle 贸易周期；商业周期 trade deficit 贸易逆差